Lesson 8

Грамматика: формы инфинитива, отрицательные и вопросительные предложения, временные формы активного и пассивного залога (повторение)

Changes in the Teeth and Supporting Tissues

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

associated [q,souSi’eitid], analogy [q’nqelqGi], morphological characteristics [,mLfq’lOGikql ,kqeriktq’ristiks], abrasion [qb’reiZqn], prevalence [‘prevqlqns], dental caries [‘kFqris], restoration [,restq’reiSqn], destructive stress [dis’trAktiv], periostenum [,peri’Ostinqm], horizontal [,hOri’zOntl], gingival atrophy [Gin’GQivql ‘qetrqfi]

II. Learn the following words:

senescence [si’nesqns] - старение

to erupt [I’rApt] - прорезываться

to wear [wFq] (wore [wL], worn) - носить, изнашивать

wear - износ

abrasion [qb’reiZqn] - истирание

to exfoliate [eks’foulieit] - отслаиваться, выпадать

brittle - ломкий, хрупкий

susceptible [sq’septibl] - чувствительный

to take into consideration - принимать во внимание

to support [sq’pLt] - поддерживать

to brush teeth - чистить зубы

groove [grHv] - выемка, желобок

exposure [iks’pouZq] - обнажение

to obliterate [qb’litqreit] - стирать, зарастать (о полости канала)

fracture [‘frqektSq] - перелом, трещина

notching [nOtSiN] - выемка

III. Give the 4 forms of the following verbs:

to read, to see, to give, to take, to wear, to lose, to become, to erupt, to cut, to bite, to chew, to write, to masticate

IV. Define the following infinitives:

1. to have been cut

2. to be chewing

3. to masticate

4. to be being written

5. to have erupted

6. to be bitten

V. Open the brackets using active or passive form of the verb.

1. Many of the changes in the hard dental tissues (to have) their analogy in the deciduous teeth.

2. The permanent teeth (to become) drier, more brittle and darker.

3. These clinically observed changes (to verify) by laboratory studies.

4. The contact areas of the teeth (to become) flattened.

5. Pulpal exposure (to occur) occasionally.

6. Sufficient secondary dentin (to produce) in most instances.

7. These grooved teeth (to fracture) at the site of the notching.

8. The thermal changes (to take place) within the oral cavity.

VI. Translate the following sentences.

1. These changes are observed clinically.

2. These changes have been verified by laboratory studies.

3. Modifications of tooth anatomy occur with age.

4. Secondary dentin is produced in most cases.

5. The dentist was trying to save the patient’s tooth.

VII. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.

1. The human being has three sets of teeth.

2. Canines function as nutcrackers.

3. He should be consulted by a surgeon.

4. His tooth has been extracted.

5. The pulp cowers the tooth crown.

VIII. Find Russian equivalents to the following word combinations.

1. place stresses on … a. на месте выемки

2. the wear of abrasion b. температурные изменения

3. teeth movement c. у пожилых людей

4. improper teeth brushing d. износ от стирания

5. in the aged e. часто вызывают

6. at the site of notching f. оказывают влияние на

7. frequently give rise g. неправильная чистка зубов

8. thermal changes h. сдвиг зубов