Lesson 7

Грамматика: виды сказуемых в активном и пассивном залоге (повторение), сложное подлежащее со сложными формами инфинитива

The Mandible

I. Read and give Russian equivalents to the following words and word combinations of the Latin-Greek origin:

cranium [‘kreiniqm], pair [pFq], coronoid [‘kOndiloid], condyloid [‘kOndiloid], articular [R’tikjulq], medial [‘mJdiql], double [dAbl], mental ‘mqntql], articulate [R’tikjuleit], serve [sWv], elevator [elq’veitq]

II. Learn the following words:

ramus [‘reimqs] (pl. tami [‘remQi] - ветвь

to surmount [sq’mQunt] - увенчивать; преодолевать

coronoid process [‘kOrqnoid] - венечный отросток

condyloid process [‘kOndiloid]- мыщелковый отросток

to articulate [R’tikjuleit] - связывать, соединять

articular [R’tikjulq] - суставной

plane - плоскость

junction [‘GANkSqn] - соединение

symphysis [‘simfisis] - сращение

mentum (pl. menti) - подбородок

border [‘bLdq] - граница

mental foramen [fO’teimqn] - подбородочное отверстие

to slope - клониться, скашивать, срезывать

row [rou] - ряд

socket - впадина, углубление

depression - впадина, углубление

convex - выпуклый, выгнутый

concave [‘kOnkeiv] - вогнутый, впалый

shallow - мелкий, поверхностный, неглубокий

motion [‘mouSqn] - движение

either [‘QiDq] - оба, каждый

temporal - височный

to attach [q’tqeC] - прикреплять

masseter muscle [mqe’sJtq] - жевательная мышца

pterygoid [ti’rigoid] - крыловидный

III. Read the sentences, define the predicates and translate the sentences.

1. The temporomandibular joint is composed of two joints on either side of the head.

2. The students were watching their teacher filling the patient’s tooth.

3. He was really glad because he had passed a difficult exam successfully.

4. This medicine should be taken after meals.

5. The doctor has given the injection of anesthetic before extracting the tooth.

6. He was sure that he would not be asked any more questions.

7. A tooth is protected by the enamel from wear and friction.

8. The deciduous teeth have been replaced by the permanent ones.

9. These carbohydrates are being transformed into the acid responsible for dissolving enamel and dentine.

IV Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Subject paying attention to the forms of the infinitive.

1. He is said to fill the tooth.

2. He is said to be filled to tooth.

3. He is said to have filled the tooth.

4. He is said to have been filled the tooth.

V. Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Subject.

1. The upper part is known to be called the alveolar part.

2. The lower border is known to be the base of the mandible.

3. The TMJ (temporomandibular joint) is known to make a wide range of mandibular motion.

4. The mandible is known to be the only bone of the face which has movement.

5. Cement is known to be a modified bone.

6. The symphysis is said to be the junction of two rami.

7. The first teeth to erupt are known to be incisors.

8. The development of teeth and gums is found to be essentially connected with calcium.

9. Fish and milk products are considered to be sources of calcium.

10. Sugar is thought to be an important factor in causing dental caries.

11. Dental diseases are likely to occur when the teeth are not properly brushed.

12. Wisdom teeth are unlikely to erupt before a person is fifteen years old.

13. The ancient Romans are known to have made false teeth and even dentures from ivory.

14. Dental students seem to have a lot of work to do to acquire good manual skills.

15. He seems to have failed his exam in histology.

16. Fluoride applied to teeth in appropriate concentrations has been shown to reduce dental caries incidence because it increases the tooth resistance to breakdown by caries-forming acids.

17. Bleeding gums appear to have been a sign of vitamin C deficiency.