XIV. Fill in the with the necessary prepositions and adverbs.

1. There are 10 teeth … each jaw.

2. Deciduous teeth start developing … birth and erupt … birth.

3. Permanent teeth start developing … birth

4. Eruption times are the subject … considerable individual variation.

5. They are replaced … eruption … their permanent successors.

6. The permanent molars erupt … having any deciduous predecessors.

7. The dissolved roots deprive temporary teeth … their attachment … the jaw.

XV. Translate the following sentences.

1. У ребенка 20 молочных зубов: 10 в каждой челюсти и по 5 с каждой стороны.

2. Зубы начинают прорезываться в 6-8 месяцев, вторые моляры прорезываются последними в два года.

3. Постоянные зубы начинают свое развитие с рождением человека.

4. Время прорезывания зубов различное у разных людей.

5. Молочные резцы и клыки заменяются постоянными зубами с таким же названием.

6. Молочные зубы выпадают из-за рассасывания их корней.

7. Постоянные премоляры не имеют своих молочных предшественников.

8. Когда молочный зуб выпадает, на его место прорезывается его последователь – постоянный.

9. Прорезывание постоянных зубов заканчивается к 14, а зубов мудрости к 18-25 годам.

Lesson 5

Грамматика: конверсия, функции Past Participle, функции глагола to be

Forms and Functions of Teeth The Dental Formula

I. Read the following words and word combinations and give their Russian equivalents:

forms and functions [‘fLmz qnd ‘fANkSqnz[, premolar [pri’moulq], dental formula [‘dentl ‘fLmjulq], modify [‘mOdifQi], maxilla [‘mqeksilq], mandible [‘mqendibl], pair [pFq]

II. Learn the following words:

shape - форма

complicated [‘kOmpli’keitid] - сложный, осложненный

cone - конус

edge [eG] - край

cusp - выступ

to cut (cut) - резать

to masticate [‘mqestikeit] - жевать

sharp [SRp] - острый

flattened [‘flqetend] - плоский

fused [fjHzd] - слившийся, сросшийся

nutcrackers [‘nAtkrqekqs] - щипцы для колки орехов

coalescence [,kouq’lesns] - слияние, сращение

to chew [tSH] - жевать

III. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the function of the underlined words.

1. This text is about forms of teeth and their functions.

2. Teeth perform different functions.

3. The incisors have a flattened crown which forms a wide cutting edge.

4. The premolars function as nutcrackers.

5. The large molar teeth form a broad chewing surface.

6. The form and the location of the paired teeth determine the work of the teeth.

7. The tooth is sensitive to pain.

8. It pains badly.

9. Any damage caused by decay is permanent.

10. You can damage the pulp chamber if you are not attentive.

11. The start of the disease was sudden.

12. Deciduous teeth start developing before birth.

IV. Give the three forms of the following verbs:

to call, to use, to begin, to make, to erupt, to complicate, to modify, to perform, to cut, to fuse, to chew, to describe, to surround, to cover

V. Translate the following word combinations:

используемый метод, описанный случай, осложненное заболевание, пережеванная пища, поставленный диагноз, прорезавшийся зуб, модифицированная форма, сросшиеся конусы, проведенная операция, окруженный дентином, покрытый эмалью

VI. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to Past Participles.

1. Incisors are the teeth located at the front of the mouth.

2. The third molars called wisdom teeth are not needed for chewing.

3. The pulp chamber surrounded by dentin contains nerves and blood vessels.

4. The root encased in cement is the part of a tooth under the gums.

5. The crown covered with enamel is the hardest substance in the human body.

6. The operated patient felt well.

VII. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the verb to be.

1. Teeth are of different shapes.

2. Do you have an appointment. Your doctor is in his office.

3. Used instruments are to be cleaned and sterilized.

4. The basic shape of all teeth is a simple cone.

5. New materials are used today for different types of prostheses.

6. Doctors are looking for new methods to help patients.

7. The premolars are two fused cones.

8. Before caries is treated it must first be detected.

9. The large molar teeth are a coalescence of several cones.

10. The object of treatment is to stop caries progressing and prevent or cure pain.

11. The patient is waiting for the laboratory findings.

12. The permanent teeth are 32 in number.

13. All the unnecessary instruments are to be out of view before a patient enters the surgery.

14. If the pulp is still vital the tooth is to be filled.

15. Each tooth is paired, i.e. there is another tooth like it on the other side of the mouth.

16. Gum diseases can be caused by many factors.

17. Some fluoride is to be added to drinking water.

18. The best way of personally preventing caries is to clean the teeth immediately after every meal.