- •1. The subject of tGr. The systematic approach. Syntagmatics and paradygmatics. Levels of language.
- •2, 3. Morphology and its basic problems. The interrelation of morphology and syntax. Morpheme and its types.
- •4. The lexico-grammatical classes of words. Parts of speech and criteria for their classification.
- •5. Grammatical categories and parts of speech.
- •6,7. The noun and its categories.
- •8. Adjectives. Degrees of comparison.
- •9. Determinatives. Types. Semantics and Pragmatics.
- •10. The verb. Derivational and semantic characteristics. Categories of the verb.
- •11. Tense and aspect. Peculiarities of the English system.
- •12. The category of mood. Means of expressing modality in English.
- •13. The category of voice.
- •14. Pronouns. Classification and functions. The problem of substitution and representation.
- •15. Adverbs. Semantics and pragmatics.
- •16. Syntax as a special level of language. Basic units of syntax.
- •17. Syntax of phrases (word-groups). Types of phrases, their inner syntax.
- •18. Types of syntactic relations within phrases.
- •19. The sentence and its categories. Basic properties of the s. Classification of s.
- •20. The simple s. Sentence structure. Members of the s. Functional sentence perspective.
- •21. Modeling the simple sentence in structural grammar.
- •23. The complex sentence. Types and classification. The problem of the compound sentence.
- •Classification:
- •24. The structural grammar.
- •25. The transformational generative grammar.
- •26. The case grammar.
- •27,28. Text linguistics. Discourse. Categories of text. Cohesion.
1. The subject of tGr. The systematic approach. Syntagmatics and paradygmatics. Levels of language.
Grammar is subdivided into morphology and syntax. The object of morphology is the structure classification and combinability of words. Syntax deals with the structure classification and combinability of sentences.
The aim of TGr is to represent a theoretical description of its gr. system, that is to analyse and define its gr. categories and to study mechanisms of formation of utterances out of words in the process of speech making.
Speaking of the systemic approach, a system is a structured set of elements united by a common function. Language is a system of specific interconnected and interdependent lingual signs united by their common function of forming, storing and exchanging ideas in the process f human intercommunication. The originator of the systemic approach was F. de Saussure. He was the first to divide the phenomenon of language in general into two aspects: language and speech.
Segmental lingual units (phonemes that unite into morphemes, words and sentences) form a hierarchy of levels.
The 1st level is formed by phonemes, the smallest material lingual elements, or segments. They have form, but they have no meaning.
The 2nd level is composed of morphemes, the smallest meaningful elements built up by phonemes.
The 3rd level consists of words, or lexemes, nominative lingual units.
The 4th level is the level of sentences, lingual units which name certain situations, or events.
The 5th level is formed by sentences in a text or in actual speech.
There are two fundamental types of relations between lingual units: paradigmatic and syntagmatic.
Syntagmatic – linear relations between units in a sequence. Paradigmatic relations exist between elements of the system outside the string.
2, 3. Morphology and its basic problems. The interrelation of morphology and syntax. Morpheme and its types.
Morphology studies the structure classification and combinability of words. The main problem of morphology is giving the definition to the term ‘word’. There is no universal definition, but we may say that word is an elementary component of the sentence, a grammatically arranged combination of meaning and sound. Morphology is also concerned with the process of word formation. Words are formed by morphemes - the smallest unit which carries meaning. An allomorph is a non-distinctive realization of a morpheme.
According to the location of the morphemes with regard to each other they are divided into roots and affixes. Roots express the concrete, “material” part of the meaning of the word and constitute its central part. Affixes specify, or transform the meaning of the root. Affixes are further subdivided into lexical, or word-building (derivational) affixes, which together with the root constitute the stem of the word, and grammatical, or word-changing affixes, expressing different morphological categories, such as number, case, tense and others. With the help of lexical affixes new words are derived, or built; with the help of grammatical affixes the form of the word is changed.
Free morphemes, which can build up words by themselves, are opposed to bound morphemes, used only as parts of words; e.g.: in the word ‘hands’ hand- is a free morpheme and -s is a bound morpheme.