Министерство спорта Российской Федерации

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего профессионального образования

«Волгоградская государственная академия физической культуры»

Кафедра иностранных языков

Фомина Ж. В.

Разговорные темы по английскому языку

Учебно-методическое пособие

для обучающихся

по направлению подготовки

44.03.02 «Психолого-педагогическое образование»

(в лингвострановедческом сравнительно-сопоставительном аспекте)

Волгоград – 2015

ББК 81.2 Англ.

Ф 762

Рецензенты:

доктор филологических наук, профессор кафедры английской филологии ФГБОУ ВПО «ВГСПУ» Е. В. Бобырева;

кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВПО «ВГАФК» Е. Г. Борисенко;

старший преподаватель кафедры иностранных языков ФГБОУ ВПО «ВГАФК» Т. Ф. Колчина.

Допущено к изданию решением Ученого совета ФГБОУ ВПО «ВГАФК» в качестве учебно-методического пособия.

Ф762 Разговорные темы по английскому языку. Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для обучающихся по направлению подготовки 44.03.02 «Психолого-педагогическое образование» (в лингвострановедческом сравнительно-сопоставительном аспекте). / Фомина Ж.В. – Волгоград: ФГБОУ ВПО «ВГАФК», 2015. – 226 с.

Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для изучения разговорных тем, повторения, контроля и активизации знаний, умений и навыков по дисциплине «Иностранный язык: английский язык» для студентов I-II курсов очной и заочной форм обучения по направлению 44.03.02 «Психолого-педагогическое образование». Пособие соответствует государственному образовательному стандарту и учебным программам.

ББК 81.2 Англ.

©Фомина Ж. В., 2015

©ФГБОУ ВПО «ВГАФК», 2015

Пояснительная записка

Цель и содержание учебно-методического пособия

Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для обучающихся направления подготовки «Психолого-педагогическое образование» очного и заочного отделений.

Цель данного учебно-методического пособия – повышение профессиональной и общекультурной компетенции обучающихся. Этому способствует овладение студентами в процессе аудиторной и самостоятельной работы навыками чтения, перевода и навыками устной английской речи. Приобретенные знания, умения и навыки должны обеспечить будущему специалисту возможность использовать в своей работе специальную литературу на английском языке, т.е. умение самостоятельно читать и переводить английские тексты по тематике, отбирать полезную для работы информацию, а также приобрести умение доступно излагать свою мысль на английском языке при общении с иностранными коллегами. Для достижения этой цели предлагается методика работы с материалом, которая основана на использовании разнообразных способов подачи материала и активном применении различных коммуникативных приемов.

Для развития навыков практического владения английским языком в учебном процессе могут быть использованы различные приемы аудиторной и самостоятельной работы над учебным материалом:

• чтение и перевод учебных текстов по предлагаемой теме;

• выполнение устных и письменных упражнений в каждой из изучаемых тем;

• чтение учебного материала без словаря с охватом общего содержания прочитанного;

• использование технических (аудио- и видео) средств обучения;

• составление монологических и диалогических высказываний по заданным темам;

• выполнение письменных и устных практических заданий по изучаемым темам.

Учебно-методическое пособие состоит из следующих частей:

1. Основной курс (Part I), который делится на шесть крупных разделов (Units):

• About myself. Family and its social role. Family problems

• Our Academy. My future profession

• The Russian Federation. The system of education in the RF

• The English speaking country. The system of education in the UK

• Youth problems. Friendship

• Profession of a social teacher or educational psychologist.

В каждом из данных разделов отрабатывается определенная тема с использованием лексико-грамматических упражнений, ролевых игр, круглых столов, полилогов, интерактивных экскурсий, презентаций и докладов. Структурно каждый раздел состоит из:

• опорных текстов;

• словарей по теме для снятия трудностей при чтении текстов и для активизации лексики в монологической и диалогической речи;

• лексико-грамматических упражнений на проверку понимания текстов и развития вокабуляра;

• вспомогательных (или дополнительных) текстов по теме на английском языке;

• рабочих ситуаций, ролевых игр и т.д., нацеленных на активизацию полученных знаний.

Предлагаемые в разделе тексты с упражнениями позволяют преподавателю осуществить следующие виды работ со студентами:

• перевод текста (со словарем или без словаря);

• составление словаря и отбор необходимого по контексту значения слова;

• чтение текста с охватом общего содержания прочитанного;

• нахождение в тексте ответов на поставленные преподавателем вопросы;

• краткое устное изложение (пересказ) общего содержания текста на русском и английском языках и т.д.

При чтении текста студент должен научиться правильно делить предложения на смысловые отрезки – синтагмы. Это позволит ему правильно понять смысл текста.

Задача обучения студентов коммуникативным навыкам выполняется путем использования тематического материала текстов для пересказов, составления диалогов, также организации учебных игровых ситуаций на базе изучаемой темы. В пособии представлены творческие задания и задания на интерактивные виды обучения (ролевые игры, круглые столы, полилоги, интерактивные экскурсии, презентации и доклады, проблемные ситуации).

2. Кейс-задачи (Part II), представляющие собой компетентностно-ориентированные задания.

3. Тексты для дополнительного чтения (Part III), нацеленные на расширение вокабуляра в области профессиональной терминологии. Предлагаемые тексты могут быть использованы как самостоятельные задания внеаудиторных и аудиторных контрольных работ, экзаменов и зачетов, а также в качестве материала для дополнительного чтения студентов с выборочным переводом текста.

CONTENTS

PART I
Unit 1. About myself. Family and its social role. Family problems	6
Text A: About myself	6
Text B: Family and its social role	10
Text C: Family problems	13
Unit 2. Our Academy. My future profession	20
Text A: Our Academy	20
Text B: Psychology careers	26
Text C: Types of psychologists	30
Unit 3. The Russian Federation. The system of education in the Russian Federation	37
Text A: the Russian Federation	37
Text B: The system of education in the RF	41
Unit 4. The English speaking country. The system of education in the United Kingdom	50
Text A: Great Britain	50
Text B: System of education in the UK	54
Unit 5. Youth problems. Friendship	71
Text A: Youth problems	71
Text B: Friendship	75
Unit 6. Profession of a social teacher or educational psychologist	85
Text A: Educational psychologist	85
Text B: Social psychologist	88
PART II Кейс-задачи	102
PART III Тексты для дополнительного чтения	134
Список использованной литературы	225
Список интернет-ресурсов	226

UNIT 1

ABOUT MYSELF. FAMILY AND ITS SOCIAL ROLE.

FAMILY PROBLEMS

TEXT A: ABOUT MYSELF

Read and translate the text:

My name is Svetlana Ivanova. I am seventeen. I was born on the thirteenth of March in 1996. I live in Volgograd with my parents. I went to secondary school № 68. I finished it in June this year. I did well at school. My favorite subjects were Biology, English and Social Science. But I was especially fond of Literature and Psychology. At the age of thirteen I began to read books on Psychology. My favourite authors are Dale Carnegie and Allan Piz. His “Body Language” is my bible. I spend a lot of money on psychological books. At school I took part in different Olympiads in psychology and sometimes won first or second places. But I also practiced dancing and figure skating. I often watch different championships in figure skating on TV and always support our Russian athletes. Especially I admire Adeline Sotnikova and Tatiana Volosozhar with Maxim Trankov, Elena Ilinyk with Nikita Katsalapov. These are people of a great will power, moderation, discipline, working capacity and other important qualities. Dancing isn’t a simply hobby, it’s my life. In my childhood I went in for ballroom dancing. Later I began to practice Latin American rhythms and dance forms. Especially I am dazzled with Argentine Tango and Rumba. In my opinion they are the most beautiful and sexy dances (bamboulas).

But my main passion is psychology. That’s why I have entered the Volgograd Physical Education Academy as there is a department of psychology and social pedagogics. I am a first-year student now. My aim is to be an educational psychologist or a social teacher.

I have chosen this profession because I like to communicate with people and it’s seems to me I can do it well. I enjoy listening to my friends and discussing different problems with them. My peers tell me about everything: their unreturned love, parents’ divorce, generation gap, friendship and problems of mutual understanding and many others. I always try to advice on any question. In the bargain I am a serious, tolerant, volitional and industrious person by nature. And I think that I’ll be a very good social teacher or an educational psychologist.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Прочитайте и запомните слова и словосочетания к теме.

do well (at school)	- хорошо учиться (в школе)
favourite subject	- любимый предмет
biology	- биология
Social Science	- обществоведение, социальные науки
to be fond of (syn. to like)	- любить, увлекаться
at the age of 10	- в возрасте 10 лет
to read books on Psychology	- читать книги по психологии
Body Language	- язык жестов
bible	- (зд.) настольная книга
to spend (spent, spent)	- проводить (время); тратить, расходовать (время, деньги)
to take (took, taken) part in...	- принимать участие в ...
to practice (syn. take up, engage in, go in for)	- заниматься чем-либо
championship in …	- чемпионат по …
to support	- поддерживать
to admire	- восхищаться
great will power	- огромная сила воли
moderation	- выдержка
discipline	- дисциплинированность
working capacity	- работоспособность
to dazzle	- завораживать, ослеплять блеском, красотой
main passion	- главный предмет сильного увлечения
education	- образование, воспитание, обучение
secondary education	- среднее образование
higher education	- высшее образование
higher educational establishment	- высшее учебное заведение
to enter the HEE	- поступить в ВУЗ
the Volgograd (State) Physical Education Academy	- Волгоградская (государственная) академия физической культуры
student	- студент (в США - студент вуза и учащийся средней школы)
a first-year student syn (амер.) a freshman	- студент первого курса
a second-year student syn (амер.) a sophomore	- студент второго курса
a junior	- (амep.) студент третьего курса вуза (учащийся предпоследнего класса школы)
a senior	- (амер.) студент четвертого курса вуза (учащийся выпускного класса школы)
aim	- цель
educational psychologist	- педагог-психолог
social teacher	- социальный педагог
peers	- сверстники
unreturned love	- любовь без взаимности, неразделенная любовь
parents’ divorce	- развод родителей
generation gap	- проблема отцов и детей
problems of mutual understanding	- проблемы взаимопонимания
to advice on a question	- дать совет по вопросу
to study	- учиться, изучать
study	- учеба
physical education	- физическое воспитание, физическая культура*

* Примечание. В англоязычных странах не используется термин "физическая культура" – physical culture. Эквивалентом термина "физическая культура" является physical education – физическое воспитание. Частично данное понятие может передаваться словосочетанием physical training – "физическая подготовка", особенно в Великобритании (например, physical training lessons – уроки физкультуры). При переводе с английского языка в качестве эквивалента physical education можно использовать оба термина – физическое воспитание и физическая культура.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is your name?

2. How old are you?

3. Where were you born?

4. Where do you live?

5. What school did you go to?

6. When did you finish school?

7. Did you do well at school?

8. What were your favourite subjects?

9. When did you become interested in psychology?

10. What books did you read at school?

11. What are you doing now?

12. What are your hobbies?

13. What do you do in your spare time?

14. Where do you study?

15. Do you have a good sense of hearing (sight, touch, smell, taste)?

16. Do you use any of these senses in your studies?

17. Have you got a good memory?

18. What is your favorite actor (singer, book, film, subject)?

19. Do you like to cook (dance, watch TV, listen to music, read books)

20. What features of character do you have or would like to have?

21. What is your dream?

22. What habits do you have?

23. Do you easily communicate with people?

24. Do you often forget your things at home?

25. What are you going to be?

26. Why have you chosen this profession?

EXERCISES

Ex.1. Replace the following Russian words and word combinations by their English equivalents from the text:

средняя школа, Академия физической культуры, любимые предметы, проводить много времени, принимать участие, главное увлечение, работоспособность, заниматься психологией, дисциплинированность, цель, учиться в ВУЗе.

Ex. 2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations:

spend, to study, aim, a second-year student, higher education, to take part in, to go in for, favourite, subject, main passion, do well, moderation, study, work capacity, to be fond of, higher educational establishment.

Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the word-box below:

1. I … at school.

2. I have … the Volgograd Physical Education Academy.

3. My … were Biology, English and Social Science.

4. My … is to be an educational psychologist or a social teacher.

5. … thirteen I began to read books on Psychology.

6. In my childhood I … ballroom dancing.

7. But my … is psychology.

8. I am a … now.

9. But I also … dancing and figure skating.

10. I … a lot of money on psychological books.

main passion, aim, favorite subjects, first-year student, practiced, did well, went in for, spend, at the age of, entered

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Книга Алана Пиза «Язык жестов» - моя настольная книга.

2. Я часто смотрю соревнования по фигурному катанию по телевизору и всегда болею за наших спортсменов.

3. Я – студент Волгоградской академии физической культуры.

4. Моя цель – стать социальным педагогом или педагогом-психологом.

5. Я начала читать книги по психологии в тринадцать лет.

6. Я выбрала эту профессию, потому что я люблю общаться с людьми.

7. В школе я увлекалась литературой и психологией.

8. Танцы – это не просто хобби, это – моя жизнь.

9. Я поступила на отделение социальной педагогики и психологии.

10. Это люди огромной силы воли и выдержки.

Ex. 5. Write your own composition about yourself and retell it.

TEXT B: THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY IN SOCIETY

Read the text and translate it into Russian:

It has been said that the family is the bedrock of society and can be proven by the fact that all over the world every society is structured by the same pattern. A man and woman marry and form a family. This process is repeated multiple times making multiple families which form villages, regions, and eventually countries. When several countries come together they form a continent and all of the continents make up the world. The foundation of this entire process is the family. The family has a crucial role in society by being a model of love in three different aspects; love for the children, love between husband and wife, and finally love in promoting moral values.

As people we are created to be visual with a need to see illustrated models of things that are important to our lives, especially the love relationship between children and their parents. As children we learn everything by watching the examples or models of others such as eating and walking. The family functions the same way. For example, sons who have seen their parents’ abuse alcohol or show extreme violence towards one another, practice these same activities. The role of the family is to give a good model so that others within the society can imitate resulting in the edification of the society. God’s Word – the Bible, teaches us that an earthly father is an earthly example of God, the heavenly Father. The heavenly Father is patient, kind, loving, and always willing to spend time in an intimate, personal relationship with His children. The earthly father is to be a living model of patience and kindness, showing love through his intimate relationship with his children.

One of the most important roles of the family in society is to show the much needed model of love between husband and wife. The ultimate example of such love is the way that Jesus Christ loves His church. He loves her so much that He nourishes and cherishes her on a daily basis even giving His life on the cross for her. The husband – wife relationship is to model Jesus Christ’s pattern of love by loving each other on a daily basis, cherishing and nourishing each other as the most precious thing in their lives. Such a model is greatly needed within society because in most cases there is a lack of models for families and individuals to see and imitate. If these principles were to be applied then the society would radically change for the better giving people happiness as each generation follows in the footsteps of the previous one.

During this crucial time in history while moral values are declining, the family must love moral values by living according to and promoting them throughout the easily misguided society. Many values could be listed but the focus will be kept on the ones that are hot topics in the world today being: sexual immorality, homosexuality, and abortion. The family must be a model and demonstrate the fact that the sexual relationship has a place only in marriage between a husband and wife. Mothers and fathers must teach their children about the importance of maintaining their virginity until marriage and that there is no such thing as safe sex outside of marriage. The family must promote marriage as being between one man and one woman and that any other marital relationship outside of this is harmful as well as dangerous. Families must discourage abortion because it is taking innocent lives. If society aborts its future generations then who will be here to welcome the future?

The family has a decisive role having the capacity and responsibility to impact the entire society by its positive example. The parents must show love towards their children by spending time with them and building intimate, personal relationships. Spouses must love each other according to the pattern of Jesus Christ. In order to fulfill its role in society the family will educate children in moral values so that they will mature and pass on these values to the future generations making society a safe and happy place for all people to live and enjoy.

_____________________________

bedrock	- основа, основание
entire	- полный, целый
crucial role	- критическое значение, решающая роль
abuse	- брань, ругань
violence	- жестокость, насилие
to imitate	- подражать, копировать
edification	- наставление, нравоучение
patient	- терпеливый, снисходительный
intimate	- личный, глубокий
ultimate	- величайший, потрясающий
to nourish and cherish	- холить и лелеять
on a daily basis	- ежедневно, изо дня в день
precious	- драгоценный, дорогой
lack	- нехватка, отсутствие
to decline	- идти на убыль, уменьшаться
misguided	- ложный, ошибочный
sexual immorality	- половая безнравственность
to maintain	- сохранять
virginity	- девственность, целомудрие
marital relationship	- семейные (брачные) отношения
discourage	- предотвращать, препятствовать
innocent life	- непорочная жизнь
to impact	- оказать воздействие
spouses	- супруги
to fulfill	- выполнять, осуществлять

Discuss the following questions:

1. Do you agree that the family is the bedrock of any society? Why do you think so?

2. How do you think the family has a crucial role in society? How is it expressed?

3. What role of the family is (according to the text)?

4. Do you agree with this text’s author that the ultimate example of love is the way that Jesus Christ loves His church? He loves her so much that He nourishes and cherishes her on a daily basis even giving His life on the cross for her. The husband – wife relationship is to model Jesus Christ’s pattern of love by loving each other on a daily basis, cherishing and nourishing each other as the most precious thing in their lives. Why yes or why not?

5. What does family mean for you? Do you agree with free or marital relationships?

6. Can our society be a safe and happy place for all people to live and enjoy? How do you think?

TEXT C: FAMILY PROBLEMS

Read the text and discuss it:

Family problems are unique, but problems that make people look for psychological help are common. Some family problems are temporary and easily managed, while others are more chronic and difficult. Some of them can cause illness and injury, changing jobs, changing schools, moving and financial difficulties.

Most common are parent-child problems. Sometimes there are constant battles between children, and the parents resolve the conflicts. Divorce, is a typical source of problems for all members of the family. Sometimes the couple relationship is the problem, with poor communication and constant conflicts. Problems can develop in a couple relationships because of a medical or psychological problem in one person, or in one of their children.

Each family develops its own ways of resolving the problems some of which work better than others. Poor communication occurs when family members avoid talking to each other and don’t know how to listen to what others are trying to say. Inability to resolve conflicts occurs because family members avoid discussing problems or even avoid admitting that problems exist. Some families just haven’t learned the skills of negotiating. Children are likely to pattern their behavior after their parents’ behavior and may learn to refuse to talk about feelings and problems.

There is no perfect family. Each family has its own strengths and weaknesses. If your family has serious problems in relationships, it’s probably time for outside help. Psychological help from a professional may be necessary in these circumstances, depending on the nature of the problems and the willingness of family members to participate in therapy.

____________________________

temporary	- временный
to resolve	- разрешать
divorce	- развод
couple relationship	- взаимоотношения супружеской пары
poor communication	- слабая коммуникация
to avoid	- избегать
inability	- неспособность
to admit	- принимать
skills of negotiating	- навыки ведения переговоров
to pattern	- копировать, подражать
to refuse	- отказываться
strengths and weaknesses	- сильные и слабые стороны
outside help	- посторонняя помощь
circumstance	- обстоятельство
willingness	- желание

Answer the questions:

1. Are family problems common in psychological practice?

2. What could be the result of problems in a family?

3. What is the most common problem?

4. What are the reasons of problems in couple relationships?

5. Why can’t some families resolve their problems themselves?

6. When is it necessary to look for the outside help?

Ex.1. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. Each family is unique but all families have common problems.

2. Some family problems are easily managed, but some are difficult and chronic.

3. Injuries, financial difficulties and changing schools could be the result of family problems.

4. Constant battles between brothers and sisters are the most common problems.

5. Medical problems in one person can cause the problem for the relationship.

6. Problems in a family can develop because of poor communication.

7. Poor communication takes place when family members avoid talking to each other.

8. Skills of negotiating are very important for conflict resolution.

9. Each of us has strengths and weaknesses. We don’t like to talk about our weaknesses.

10. Results of therapy depend on the family’s willingness to participate.

Ex.2. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Люди с проблемами в семье часто ищут помощь у профессиональных психологов.

2. Некоторые психологические проблемы могут быть причиной травм и заболеваний.

3. Перемена места работы и переезд могут быть результатами конфликтов в семье.

4. Иногда слабая коммуникация в семье является причиной проблем в семье.

5. Медицинские или психологические проблемы у одного из супругов могут быть причиной проблем у всей семьи.

6. Некоторые семьи не имеют навыков ведения переговоров.

7. Многие семьи избегают разговоров о проблемах в семье.

8. У каждой семьи есть сильные и слабые стороны.

9. Профессиональная помощь со стороны должна быть своевременной.

Ex.3. The Round Table on the subject: «Family problems»

1. Are family problems common in psychological practice?

2. What is the most common problem?

3. What could be the result of problems in a family?

4. What are the reasons of problems in couple relationship?

5. Why do some families can’t resolve their problems themselves?

6. When is it necessary to look for the outside help?

7. Do you live with parents?

8. Is it difficult to live with parents?

9. Does your family usually spend time together?

10. What are the typical problems of your family?

11. Is poor communication typical for your family? Why?

12. Are constant conflicts typical for your family?

13. Does misunderstanding usually occur in your family?

14. What other problems are typical for your family?

15. Do you discuss current events and problems with your parents?

16. Do you discuss family problems in order to solve them?

17. How else do you deal with family problems?

ADDITIONAL READING

Translate this text into Russian with a dictionary and express your view:

Text 1

Are there steps for recovery of family problems?

Perhaps every family has its own problems but, there are certain measures you can take for recovery. Whenever you have a group of people who spend hours with each other there are going to be problems. Personalities clash and power struggles ensue as parents and children learn how to cope with each other.

 The trick to the whole family structure is learning how to identify problems and then deal with those problems before they get out of hand. Take a moment to think about your family. What you will see is a tapestry made of people of different ages, different personalities, different likes and dislikes. This is your family.

 A family's diversity must be acknowledged. Like it or not a thing called the generation gap will keep your family from operating totally on the same page. However, here are a few ideas to help your family cope with, and survive family problems. 

Stopping the problem before it erupts is one of the best ways to deal with family problems. Family meetings can accomplish this goal. Family meetings provide a safe environment for each member to share their views on various issues. These meetings should be information sessions, not personal attacks or gripe sessions.

 If you think members of the family may not open up, you can try having each member write down their thoughts and then share them by passing them around. Writing takes away verbal inflections which can cause a conversation to escalate into an argument. Remember, the whole idea of family meetings is to communicate no matter if the communication is audible or written.

 If you feel a group setting would not be constructive, you can try having a one-on-one session with the person or persons you feel are at the root cause of your family problems. The main idea to remember is to keep talking, and try to work through your problems. The moment communication ends, the real problems begin.

 Also go into each talk session with the attitude that you attributed to the problem just as much as the other person. This will help you take responsibility rather than blaming other people. As we all know, it takes at least two people to cause a problem and at least two people to resolve the problem.

 Some other steps you can take to encourage your family's recovery include: 

• Admit you need help: there is no shame in seeking professional help. Many times professional counselors have the knowledge and experience to help you seek out the best solutions to your family problems.

• Realize whatever you do it is for the common welfare of your family. If your family is dealing with a problem such as substance abuse or teenage pregnancy there are organizations that can help you cope and deal with these issues.

• Instill in the family a desire for each member of the family to recover. No member of a family is immune to family problems. Each person is codependent on the actions and behaviors of the other members of the family. This means each member of the family must accept what happened and have the desire to recover. If one member abstains, it will continue to affect the whole family.

• Do not hold anything against the person or persons who are causing the problems. It is ok to feel angry at the situation, but don't let the anger consume you; learn to vent your anger in a constructive way. Once you get past the anger, you can learn to forgive and eventually you will be able to move forward with your life. No matter what the cause of the problem or who is to blame, once the problem is dealt with, the issue should be left to fade into the past and the family should move on. 

• Keep communicating. Once a problem starts, the communication should not stop. It is important to talk through your emotions and feelings. Bottling up turmoil is not good for you mentally or physically. Truthful communication builds trust, which is the basis for a healthy relationship.

• Take responsibility for your need to change. Too many times we try to change others in order to meet our expectations, but often we are the one who needs to change. So examine yourself and see if what you are doing is having a negative or positive effect on the family. Remember a small change in your attitude can have a major effect on your family. 

These are only a few of the ways you can go from saying "I have family problems" to being on the road to recovery. Keeping a family functioning smoothly is not an easy task, but with a lot of work and love it can be done.

Text 2

THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY IN SOCIETY

Translate this text using a dictionary:

The family is primarily the social organization which meets the need of affection and provides for the bearing and nurture of children. It is sometimes forgotten that it could once lay claim on other grounds to being the major social organization. It was the chief economic institution, the factory of the time, producing almost all that man consumed. It was also the main educational institution. The factory displaced the family as the chief unit of economic production in large part because steam, which took the place of man power, could not be used efficiently in so small a unit as the home. Some of the economic functions of the family were transferred to the factory and store, although it remains the most important consumption. At the same time, the educational and protective functions were transferred in part to the state or to industry. Other institutions, organized on a large scale, less personal in character, less steeped in feeling, but with greater technical efficiency, grew up outside the home and gradually extended their influence upon the lives of members of the family in their outside activities.

The changes in industry have been more rapid than those in the family, as witnessed by the arrival of old forms of family law, of the patriarchal-employer conception of the husband, of the old theories as to the proper place of women in society, and of the difficulties of adequate child training.

The various functions of the home in the past served to bind the members of the family together. As they weakened or were transferred from the home to outside agencies, there were fewer ties to hold the members with a consequent increase of separation and divorce. Divorces have increased to such an extent that, if present trends continue, one of every five or six bridal couples of the present year will ultimately have their marriage broken in the divorce court. This prospect has led to much concern over the future of the family, and prophecies that it will become extinct. Anthropologists, however, tell us that no people has ever been known without the institution of the family. On the other hand, many peoples have had higher rates of separation and marriage, especially those with simpler cultures than ours. Few cultures, however, have or ever have had families which perform as few economic functions as do American families today dwelling in city apartments. These facts suggest, as does a projection of the divorce curve, that our culture may be conducive to further increases in divorce unless programs are instituted to counteract this tendency. The growing divorce rate apparently has not acted as a deterrent to marriage, for the married percentage of the population has been increasing during the 40 years for which there are records.

With the weakening of economic, social and religious bonds in the family, its stability seems to depend upon the strength of the tie of affection, correlated sentiments and spiritual values, the joys and responsibilities of rearing children. How the strengthen this tie, to make marriage and the family meet more adequately the personality needs and aspirations of men and women and children is the problem. This is a task in which the clergy and clinics are already showing an increasing interest. Much more knowledge is needed of the psychology of emotional expression and there is opportunity and need for the artist as well as the moralist. There are few problems of society where success would bring richer rewards.

Back of the facts on numbers of marriages and percentages of divorce, there are diverse personalities and the play of human emotions which defy exact measurement. Happiness and unhappiness have been little studied by science, yet happiness is one of our most cherished goals. As economic institutions are the clue to the standard of living, so, perhaps, the institution of the family is nearest that elusive thing called happiness. Opinions vary as to how much unhappiness there is in marriage, but in several studies, with rather larger samples, generally among educated groups, around three-fourths or four-fifths are reported as happily married, either by the married persons themselves or by close friends of the families. The ratings are fairly constant. While science has thrown little light on what happiness is, it appears to be closely bound up with the affections. The family, of course, does not have a monopoly of the affectional life, and happiness may be found in work, in religion and in many other ways. Although closely related to the affections, happiness is based upon the whole personality and its successful integration, and this integration goes back to childhood and the family setting. The family is not only concerned with the happiness of adults but by shaping the personalities of its children more than any other institution it determines their capacity for happiness. Further progress in mental hygiene may provide wholly unsuspected help in this field. The study of marriage and divorce may not only aid in stabilizing the family but may also help us on the road to happiness.

Source: Recent Social Trends in the United States, an examination of the social state of the United States at the end of the 1920s undertaken at the direction of President Herbert Hoover.

UNIT 2:

OUR ACADEMY. MY FUTURE PROFESSION.

TEXT A: OUR ACADEMY

Read and translate the text:

I study at the Volgograd Physical Education Academy. It’s one of the youngest in the city. It was founded in 1960 and then expanded. Now the Academy has four study buildings and many sport facilities: its own stadium with man-made covering, an indoor athletic stadium, two swimming pools (outdoor and indoor), weight rooms, gyms and sport grounds, lecture halls, seminar rooms, faculties’ offices, the Assembly hall, the cafeteria, the museum and the library. The library has an extensive collection of books, textbooks, encyclopedias and periodicals related to sports, management, psychology and pedagogics. There is a big reading hall where students can do their homework.

The Academy is situated in Lenin Avenue near the Central Stadium, venue of football matches and city festivities.

The administrative structure of the Academy includes Rector, three assistant rectors, the Deans and the Heads of chairs. There are 18 chairs. About 2000 students study at the Academy. The teaching staff covers about 200 highly qualified coaches and teachers.

The Academy has five faculties: Physical Education Faculty, Physical Education and Sport Faculty, Preparatory Faculty for Foreign Students, Correspondence Faculty and Professional Qualification Faculty.

The VPEA offers two academic programs: Bachelor of Physical Education and Sport and Master of Physical Education. Physical Education Faculty trains physical education teachers and coaches in separate sports such as Track-and-Field, Weightlifting, Football, Basketball, Volleyball, Swimming, Rowing, Boxing, Sports Gymnastics, Modern Rhythmic Gymnastics, Aerobics, Acrobatics, Sport Dances and Chess. The faculty of physical education and sports trains specialists in various fields such as: adaptive physical training, management, social pedagogy and psychology.

The advanced students can continue their study at the Post-Graduate course in different research specialties.

To be admitted to the Volgograd Physical Education Academy an applicant must take entrance examinations according to his or her chosen specialty. Most of the students are rated athletes and some of them have the title of Master of Sports. To study at the VPEA is both free of charge or of charge. Non-local students are provided with a hostel (residence hall) situated close to the study buildings.

The academic year starts in September and ends in June. It is divided into two terms; at the end of each students take credits and exams. If the exams are passed successfully, a student is awarded with a state scholarship.

All students should attend lectures, seminars and regular training sessions. They study many theoretical subjects: Biology, Philosophy, Pedagogic, Psychology, History, Physiology, Sports Medicine, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Foreign Language and others.

Most students cumulate study with competitive activities. They take an active part in many competitions, sports festivals and Spartakiads. Some of them join sport clubs and national teams. That’s why the individual education is available by obtaining special permission from the coach and the Dean of the Faculty.

After graduating from the Academy our students become physical training teachers and coaches in separate sports, sports managers, and also guidance counselors (social teachers) and educational psychologists.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Прочитайте и запомните слова и словосочетания к теме.

venue	– место проведения
festivities	– торжества
study building	– учебный корпус
indoor athletic stadium	– легкоатлетический манеж
man-made covering	– синтетическое покрытие
swimming pool	– плавательный бассейн
indoor	– закрытый
outdoor	– открытый
weight room	– тренажерный зал
gym	– спортивный зал
sport ground	– спортплощадка
to administer	– управлять
dean	– декан
chair	– кафедра
head of chair	– заведующий кафедрой
teaching staff	– преподавательские кадры
to cover	– охватывать
qualified	– квалифицированный
physical education teacher	– учитель ФК
Physical Education Faculty	– факультет физической культуры
Physical Education and Sport Faculty	– факультет физической культуры и спорта
Correspondence Faculty	– заочный факультет
Preparatory Faculty	– подготовительный факультет
Bachelor of Physical Education and Sport	– Бакалавр по ФКиС
Master of Physical Education	– Магистр по ФК
to graduate from	– закончить вуз
post-graduate course	– аспирантура
research	– научное исследование
to be admitted to	– быть принятым, допущенным
applicant	– абитуриент
rated athlete	– спортсмен - разрядник
free of charge	– бесплатно
to provide	– обеспечить
hostel (residence hall)	– общежитие
to divide	– делить, разделить
entrance examination	– вступительный экзамен
credits	– зачеты
to award with	– награждать, присуждать
scholarship (syn. state grant of money )	– стипендия
to cumulate	– сочетать
competitive activity	– спортивная деятельность
to join	– присоединяться, вступать (в клуб, общество)
national team	– сборная команда страны
to be available	– быть доступным
to obtain	– достигать, получать
permission	– разрешение
to attend	– посещать
training session	– тренировка

Answer the following questions:

1. What higher educational establishment do you study at?

2. When was it founded?

3. Where is the Academy situated?

4. What sports facilities does our Academy have?

5. How many swimming pools are there in the Academy?

6. How many faculties are there in the Academy?

7. What is the administrative structure?

8. What academic programs does the Academy offer?

9. What specialists does the Academy train?

10. What entrance examinations must applicants take to be admitted to the Academy?

11. How is the academic year divided?

12. How often do the students take credits and examinations?

13. What theoretical subjects do our students study?

14. What kinds of sport do our students take up?

15. Why is the individual education available in our Academy?

EXERCICES

Ex.1. Replace the following Russian words and word combinations by their English equivalents from the text:

учебный корпус, ректор академии, спортивные сооружения, декан факультета, получать стипендию, участвовать в соревнованиях, сдавать вступительные экзамены, заведующий кафедрой, учиться в аспирантуре, заниматься психологией, теоретические предметы.

Ex. 2. Give the Russian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations:

teaching staff, an applicant, free of charge, to be admitted, to attend lectures, Bachelor of Pedagogics, competitive activity, indoor athletic stadium, to administer, theoretical subjects, academic year, study building, correspondence faculty, outdoor swimming pool.

Ex. 3. Which word is different from the others?

1. Foreign language, biology, sports dancing, psychology, sports medicine

2. Rector, dean, student, head of chair, assistant-rector

3. Stadium, swimming pool, dormitory, football pitch, gym

4. Gymnasium, basketball, rowing, aerobics, chess

5. Student, applicant, Bachelor, dean, Master

Ex. 4. Name the word under its definition:

1. A definite sum of money for student’s knowledge is called___.

2. The person who is going to enter a higher educational establishment is called___.

3. A swimming-pool in the building is called ______.

4. The faculty where future managers study is called _______.

5. A special sports ground where you can play tennis is called ______.

Ex. 5. Complete the sentences:

1. The Academy is situated …

2. It was founded in ...

3. The teaching staff covers …

4. The Academy has five faculties: …

5. To be admitted to the Volgograd Physical Education Academy applicant must …

6. Non-local students are provided …

7. Most students cumulate …

8. All students should attend …

9. The Academy trains …

Ex. 6. Agree or disagree using the phrases:

That’s wrong. - Это неверно.

It’s not quite right. - Это не совсем правильно.

It’s not so. - Это не так.

As far as I know … - Насколько я знаю …

According to the text - Согласно тексту …

Model: We study at the Pedagogical University.

That’s wrong. We study at the Volgograd Physical Education Academy.

1. The students of our Academy specialize in chemistry.

2. The VPEA trains engineers.

3. The course of study at the correspondence department lasts 7 years.

4. Any student gets a state scholarship.

5. Students take examinations at the end of each month.

6. The academic year consists of three terms.

7. Athletes usually have training sessions in classrooms and laboratories.

8. Each faculty is administered by Rector.

9. The academic year starts in October and ends in May.

10. The Academy has few sport facilities.

Ex. 7. Match two columns:

Our students participate … The academic year … Our Academy is situated … Some of the students join … To be admitted to the Academy applicant must … The VPEA was opened … The students take credits and exams … The students study many theoretical subjects … The Academy has two swimming-pools: …

in 1960. History, Biology, Physiology, Anatomy, Foreign Languages and others. at the end of each semester. in Lenin Avenue near the Central Stadium. in many national and international competitions. sports clubs and national teams. take entrance examinations. is divided into two semesters. outdoor and indoor.

Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Я учусь в Волгоградской государственной академии физической культуры.

2. Она была основана в 1960г.

3. Академия расположена на проспекте им. Ленина.

4. В академии много спортивных сооружений: стадион с синтетическим покрытием, легкоатлетический манеж, два бассейна, открытый и закрытый, спортивные площадки. гимнастические и тренажерные залы.

5. Академия располагает также учебными аудиториям, лекционными залами с аудио-видео аппаратурой, библиотекой, читальным залом.

6. В Академии пять факультетов: подготовительный факультет для иностранных студентов, факультет «Физической культуры», «Физической культуры и спорта», факультет заочного обучения и факультет повышения квалификации.

7. Структура управления академии включает ректора, проректоров, деканов факультетов и заведующих кафедрами.

8. Преподавательский состав академии насчитывает около 200 высоко квалифицированных тренеров и преподавателей.

9. Около 2000 студентов обучаются в академии.

10. Учебный год начинается в сентябре и заканчивается в июне.

11. В конце каждого семестра студенты сдают зачеты и экзамены.

12. Студенты изучают много теоретических предметов, таких как химия, физика, история, философия, педагогика, физиология, теория и методика физической культуры, иностранный язык и другие.

13. В академии занимаются многими видами спорта: легкой атлетикой, плаванием, тяжелой атлетикой, греблей, спортивной и художественной гимнастикой, аэробикой и другими видами спорта.

14. Многие студенты являются членами спортивных клубов и сборных команд.

15. Они участвуют в международных соревнованиях, чемпионатах мира и Европы, Олимпийских играх.

16. Академия готовит учителей физкультуры, тренеров различных видов спорта, менеджеров, а также социальных педагогов и педагогов-психологов.

Ex. 9. Retell this text.

TEXT B: PSYCHOLOGY CAREERS

Read the text and translate it into Russian:

There are many careers in psychology. Psychology includes both research, through which we learn fundamental things about human and animal behavior, and practice, through which that knowledge is applied in helping people to solve problems. Psychology is an extremely varied field. Psychologists conduct research, serve as consultants, diagnose and treat people, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. They test intelligence and personality.

As scientists, psychologists use scientific methods of observation, experimentation, and analysis. But psychologists also need to be creative in the way they apply scientific findings.

Psychologists are frequently innovators, inventing new approaches to people and societies. They develop theories and test them in their research. As they collect new information, these findings can be used by practitioners in their work with clients and patients.

As practitioners psychologists work in laboratories, hospitals, courtrooms, schools and universities, prisons, and corporate offices. They work with business executives, performers, and athletes to reduce stress and improve performance. They advise lawyers on jury selection and cooperate with educators on school reform. Immediately following a disaster, such as a plane crash or bombing, psychologists help victims and bystanders recover from the shock of the event.

Involved in all aspects of our world, psychologists must keep up with what is happening around us. When you’re a psychologist, your education never ends.

Most psychologists say they love their work. They say that they have a variety of daily tasks and the flexibility of their schedules.

The study of psychology is a good preparation for many other professions. Many employers are interested in the skills of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, and their experience with statistics and experimental design.

Psychology is a very diverse field with hundreds of career paths. We all know about caring for people with mental and emotional disorders. Some other jobs like helping with the design of computer systems are less well-known. What all psychologists have in common is an interest in the minds and behaviors of both humans and animals.

___________________________

careers	- (зд.) возможности трудоустройства
intelligence	- интеллект, ум
personality	- личность, характер
courtroom	- суд
executives	- руководители
jury	- суд присяжных
disaster	- катастрофа, несчастный случай
plane crash	- авиакатастрофа
bystander	- прохожий
to recover from the shock of the event	- восстанавливаться после шока произошедшего
to keep up with	- не отставать, идти в ногу с…
flexibility of their schedules	- гибкость их расписания дня
to interpret data	- интерпретировать данные
experimental design	- дизайн эксперимента
diverse field	- многообразная (разнообразная) область (сфера) науки
career paths	- карьерные возможности
disorder	- расстройство, нарушение

Answer the following questions:

1. What does the field of psychology include?

2. What is research in psychology concerned with?

3. What innovation do psychologists make?

4. What do psychologists do?

5. Where do psychologists work?

6. Who do they work with?

7. When does your education as a psychologist end?

8. Do most psychologists like their work?

9. What skills many employers are interested in?

10. What do all psychologists have in common?

Ex. 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the text:

1. The field of psychology includes both … and … .

2. As scientists, psychologists use different research methods, such as …, … and … .

3. As practitioners, psychologists work in laboratories, …, …, schools and universities, … and corporate … .

4. Psychologists work with business executives, … and … to reduce stress and … performance.

5. Immediately following the disaster, such as a plane crash or …, psychologists help … and … .

6. When you are a …, your … never ends.

7. Psychologists have a variety of … … and the flexibility of their … .

8. Many employers are interested in the skills of …, …, and … data.

9. What all psychologists have in common is an interest in the … and … of both humans and … .

Ex. 2. Which of the following sentences are true or false?

1. The field of psychology includes practice, research and clinical psychology.

2. As scientists, psychologists follow scientific methods, using careful observation, experimentation, and psychoanalysis.

3. Psychologists are frequent innovators. They invent new approaches to people and societies.

4. Psychology is an extremely varied field.

5. Psychologists work with performers, athletes and businessmen.

6. Psychologists help victims and bystanders of disasters.

Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. There are more careers in psychology than in mathematics and history.

2. As psychologists we should be intelligent, creative, understanding and innovative.

3. Approaches to the same problem can vary. All practitioners know that but patients don’t expect that.

4. It’s difficult to diagnose some psychological disorders. It’s more difficult to treat them.

5. Clinical psychologists must have a nice and friendly personality.

6. Many business executives live in a constant stress. They use alcohol to reduce stress. Professional psychologists can help to reduce stress.

7. Victims and bystanders of such disasters as plane crash live in stress long after the accident.

8. Psychologists often provide help for people with different mental disorders.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Практическая психология использует результаты исследований для решения разнообразных задач.

2. Будучи учеными, психологи используют научные методы.

3. Наблюдение, эксперимент и анализ – это примеры научных методов.

4. Психологи зачастую инноваторы. Они разрабатывают теории и тестируют их в своих исследованиях.

5. Психология очень разнообразна. Психологи занимаются исследованиями, работают консультантами, преподают психологию в школах и университетах.

6. Практикующие психологи работают в клиниках, лабораториях, больницах, судах, школах, тюрьмах и корпорациях.

7. Психологи работают со спортсменами и бизнесменами, помогая им снимать стресс и улучшать показатели.

8. Профессиональные психологи вынуждены постоянно совершенствоваться, держаться в ногу со временем.

9. Психологи напряженно работают, чтобы найти ответы на разнообразные исследовательские вопросы.

10. Психология очень разнообразна с огромным количеством возможных видов занятости. Всем известны работы психологов, связанные с уходом за психически больными людьми. Однако работа в сфере разработки компьютерного обеспечения менее известна.

Ex. 5. Discuss the following questions with the group or write a short essay on the topic you liked the most:

1. Are there more jobs in research or practice in your city?

2. What job, in your opinion, is more prestigious, in research or in practical psychology?

3. Why do you think psychologists have to be innovative and creative? Is it difficult?

4. Where is it less stress at work – at school, at a corporate office or at hospital?

5. Who is the most difficult to work with – businessmen, athletes, lawyers or performers?

6. Do you agree that all psychologists love their work? Why?

TEXT C: TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS

Read the text and translate it into Russian:

Psychologists specialize in different areas within the field of psychology. Let’s look at some of the options available for you.

Clinical psychologists diagnose and treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. These vary from short-term crises, divorce to chronic problems, such as schizophrenia. Some clinical psychologists treat specific problems exclusively, such as phobias or clinical depressions. Others focus on specific groups: youngsters, ethnic minority groups, and the elderly, for example.

Counseling psychologists help people recognize their strengths and resources to fight with their problems. Counseling psychologists do counseling and psychotherapy, teaching and scientific research with individuals of all ages, families, and organizations (e.g., schools, hospitals, businesses). Counseling psychologists help people understand and take action on career and work problems. They pay attention to how problems and people differ across life stages. Counseling psychologists have great respect for the influence of differences among people (such as gender, race, sexual orientation, religion) on psychological well-being. They believe that behavior is affected by many things, including qualities of the individual (e.g., psychological, physical, or spiritual factors) and factors in the person’s environment (e.g., family, society, and cultural groups).

Educational psychologists concentrate on how effective teaching and learning take place. They consider a variety of factors, such as human abilities, student motivation, and the effect on the classroom of the diversity of race, ethnicity and culture.

Industrial / organizational psychologists apply psychological principles and research methods to the work place in the interest of improving productivity and the quality of the work life. Many serve as human resources specialists, helping organizations with staffing, training and employee development. Others work as management consultants in such areas as strategic planning and quality management.

Rehabilitation psychologists work with stroke and accident victims, people with mental retardation, and those with developmental disabilities caused by such conditions as cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and autism. They help clients adapt to their situation, frequently working with other health care professionals. They deal with issues of personal problems and interpersonal relations.

School psychologists work directly with public and private schools. They assess and counsel students, consult with parents and school staff.

_____________________________

options	- варианты
available	- имеющиеся в наличии
behavioral disorder	- нарушение поведения
youngsters	- молодежь
ethnic minorities	- национальные меньшинства
the elderly	- престарелые
counseling psychology	- консультативная психология
life stages	- этапы жизни
psychological well-being	- психологической самочувствие
to be affected by	- подвергаться влиянию
improving productivity	- улучшение производительности
human resources specialists	- специалисты отдела кадров
staffing	- подбор персонала
quality management	- управление качеством
stroke	- удар
mental retardation	- умственная отсталость
to assess	- оценивать

Answer the following questions:

1. What do clinical psychologists do?

2. What are the specific groups of clinical psychologist’s patients?

3. What do counseling psychologists do?

4. What do counseling psychologists give great respect for?

5. What do educational psychologists concentrate on?

6. What are the goals of industrial / organizational psychologists?

7. Where do many organizational psychologists work?

8. What can rehabilitation psychologist do for people with stroke?

Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. Clinical psychologists treat mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. Examples of these are phobias and schizophrenia.

2. Some clinical psychologists treat specific problems exclusively and some focus on specific groups.

3. Young people and elderly people are examples of specific groups that clinical psychologists focus on.

4. Counseling psychologists help people understand their problems.

5. Educational psychologists concentrate on how effective teaching and learning take place and consider a variety of factors, such as human abilities, student motivation.

Ex. 2. Write sentences with the following words:

1. Behavioral disorders

schizophrenia

phobias

stroke

mental retardation

cerebral palsy

epilepsy

autism

2. Psychotherapy

counseling

teaching

scientific research

strategic planning

quality management

3. Rehabilitation psychologist

industrial psychologist

counseling psychologist

educational psychologist

Ex. 3. Discuss in the group:

1. How attractive is each career for you? Why and why not?

2. How prestigious is each career for you?

3. How well paid is each career? Is it important for you?

4. How perspective is each career for your career growth?

Ex. 4. Translate into English:

1. Школьные психологи консультируют школьников и учителей.

2. Клинические психологи лечат эмоциональные и поведенческие нарушения.

3. Консультирующие психологи помогают людям распознать проблемы в семье и на работе. Они уделяют огромное внимание тому, на каком этапе жизни находится пациент.

4. Консультирующие психологи также относятся с уважением к окружению и личным качествам пациента.

5. Некоторые клинические психологи занимаются исключительно специальными проблемами. Самые частые из них – это страхи и депрессии.

6. В США специфическими группами для клинических психологов также являются национальные меньшинства.

7. Многие индустриальные психологи работают в отделах кадров крупных фирм и занимаются подборкой кадров, тренингами и развитием работников.

8. Реабилитационные психологи оказывают помощь людям, пострадавшим от инсультов, и жертвам несчастных случаев.

9. Пациентами реабилитационного психолога являются люди, перенесшие инсульты, умственно отсталые, страдающие церебральным параличом, эпилепсией, аутизмом и др.

Ex. 5. The Round Table on the subject: «My future profession. Why have I chosen this profession?»

1. How can you define psychology?

2. What does the field of psychology include?

3. What do psychologists do?

4. What innovations do psychologists make?

5. Why do you think psychologists have to be innovative and creative?

6. Where do psychologists work?

7. Who do they work with?

8. What do all psychologists have in common?

9. What do clinical psychologists do?

10. What do counseling psychologists deal with?

11. What do educational psychologists concentrate on?

12. What are the goals of industrial/organizational psychologists?

13. What can rehabilitation psychologist do for people?

14. What is your future profession?

15. How do you see your future profession?

16. What kind of work are you interested in?

17. What position would you like to have?

18. Why have you chosen this profession?

Ex. 6. Using texts B and C compose your own topic your future profession.

ADDITIONAL READING

Read the texts and translate them into Russian:

Text 1

Universities in Great Britain

There are 45 universities in Great Britain. Oxford (founded in the twelfth century) and Cambridge (founded in the thirteenth century) are known as the oldest unique universities. They developed from a great number of independent colleges and still remain unique in the strength of their collegiate traditions.

Cambridge is a federation of 20 colleges, while Oxford consists of 48 colleges. 29 of Oxford colleges admit only men, 5 of them admit only women, all the rest are coeducational.

The colleges of Oxford are residential institutions and they mainly use a tutorial method of teaching. That brings the tutor into close and personal contact with the student. Each tutor has 10-12 students.

Besides Oxbridge there are six more collegiate universities in Great Britain. The collegiate system can be described as follows: a collegiate university is a federation of colleges where each college is largely independent. Each college has its own separate legal foundation (building and staff of teachers) and its own sources of income. Colleges admit students, organize programs and students’ studies as well as residence, laboratories, libraries and term examinations, while the university is an examining and degree-granting body only. The university is responsible for organizing final examinations for all the body of college students and confers degrees to them on successful passing these examinations.

For example the University of London is a federation of forty-four schools, institutes, which together register over 40.000 full-time students. The schools, universities and colleges of the University of London are essentially teaching institutions providing instructions chiefly by means of lectures, which are attended mainly by full-time students.

The schools of the University of London vary greatly in size and character. It may be a series of specialized postgraduate institutes and a number of medical and dental schools to several large institutions such as University College and King’s College which in themselves are autonomous universities in most respect.

Open University is the most recently established university in Great Britain. It was set up in 1969 for those people who missed the chance of going to an ordinary university. The students of the Open University work in full-time jobs and can study in their free time by means of distance teaching materials, through correspondence and the Internet. Students may be of all ages. Some of them want to improve their qualification, others come to the university to do something they always wanted but had no time or chance to do it before.

As the University is really “open” neither formal entrance examinations nor qualification are required at undergraduate level. Students are admitted on a “first come, first served” basis. Each student gets the help of his own tutor who he meets regularly.

The bachelor’s degree is built up on a credit system. A student has to get six credits to obtain it. At the usual speed it takes him or her six years to get the bachelor’s degree.

Text 2

University of Oxford

After the Sorbonne in Paris, Oxford University is the oldest university in the world, and it's still very much alive. Larger than its sister university, Cambridge, and in a more bustling commercial town, Oxford may seem less picturesque—but venture inside its walled colleges and you'll get an idea of how black-gowned scholars have pursued their studies for centuries.

Originally Oxford was a cluster of separate foundations for monks, and even today its colleges are independent of each other, although they share a common curriculum and examination system. An Oxford student belongs to one college with its own tiny walled campus. He or she lives there, dines there, and studies with an in-house professor called a "tutor" or a "don," preparing for the general university exams. There are some 40 colleges in Oxford today, most of which you can visit (opening times are posted at gatehouses). Here's a quick tour of the best known.

Christ Church on St. Aldate's Street, founded by Henry VIII, has the largest front quadrangle in Oxford, with a big clock tower housing a 9-ton bell (nicknamed Tom) and a grand fishpond. The stairway leading to its dining hall was the basis for the shifting staircases of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter movies. Balliol on Broad Street, built of a dour gray stone compared to the warm yellow of most Oxford colleges, is often said to be the most "intellectual" college. Trinity College on Broad Street, next to Balliol, is known for its lovely gardens. New College on Holywell Street, snuggled in the lee of the old city wall, has Oxford's oldest quadrangle—despite the name, it's actually one of the oldest colleges, founded in 1379. Magdalen College on High Street, pronounced "maudlin," sits on the banks of the Cherwell River and has a huge surrounding park with deer roaming in it. The Bodleian Library on Catte Street, which nowadays receives a copy of every book published in Britain, also has many old and rare books. Its centerpiece is a beautiful domed building called the Radcliffe Camera. On the same street, Hertford College is most famous for its Bridge of Sighs arching over a side street. Back on Broad Street, you'll pass the Sheldonian Theatre, with its crumbling busts of Roman emperors on the fence pillars; students receive their degrees here. Slip into St. John's on St. Giles to view its beautiful cloistered quadrangle—and while you're here, stop by the Eagle and Child pub at 49 St. Giles, a favorite hangout of Oxford dons C.S. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien and their circle.

Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/oxford-university#ixzz35kOTvOFS

Ex*. Prepare presentation and report on any higher educational establishment of Russia and Great Britain.

UNIT 3:

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.

SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

TEXT A: THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Read and translate the text.

Our Motherland is called the Russian Federation (Russia). Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. Its total area is about 17 million square kilometers. The vast territory of Russia lies in the eastern part of Europe and the northern part of Asia.

Russia is washed by twelve seas and three oceans. The oceans are: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. The seas are: the White Sea, the Barents Sea, the Okhotsk Sea, the Black Sea and others. Russia borders on many countries such as Mongolia and China in the south-east, Finland and Norway in the north-west and so on. It has a sea-boarder with the USA.

There are all the main types of climate on the territory of Russia except the tropical one. The Russian Federation has no equal in natural and mineral resources. It is rich in oil, gas, coal, iron, gold and many others. It has the world's largest oil and natural gas resources.

The land of Russia varies a lot. Forests, deserts, high mountains and deep valleys are found here. The main mountain chains are the Urals, the Caucasus and the Altai. There are a lot of great rivers and lakes on its territory. The longest rivers are the Volga in Europe and the Ob, the Yenisei and the Lena in Asia. The rivers are of great importance for communication and especially for carrying goods. The largest lakes are the Ladoga and the Baikal. The Baikal is the deepest lake in the world and its water is the purest on earth.

Russia is one of the greatest industrial and leading agricultural nations in the world. Industries of metal goods, heavy machinery, shipbuilding, arms and others are well-known all over the world. Russia is one of the most powerful and highly developed countries in the world.

The population of the Russian Federation is about 145 million. Russia is a multinational state (more than 100 nationalities).

Russia is a federal republic with President as Head of State. The government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The President controls each of them. The legislative power is exercised by the Federal Assembly. It consists of two chambers: the Council of Federation and the State Duma. Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. The executive power belongs to the Government, or the Cabinet of Ministers. The government is headed by the Prime Minister. The judicial power belongs to the system of courts. It consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and other courts.

The Russian Federation is the official name of the state. Russian is the official language. The largest cities of Russia are Moscow, which is the capital of the country, St. Petersburg, Samara, Volgograd and others.

Two-headed eagle is the official national symbol of Russia. One head of it looks to the west and the other head looks to the east. The flag of Russia is called "Three-colours". There are three stripes on it. There are red, white and blue. Russia has the official song. It is called the Hymn of the Russian Federation.

Russia is a democratic state. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It is also a member of the United Nations Organization (UN), the Council of Europe, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and some other international associations.

Russia is a very old country. It was founded more than 1000 years ago. The country has a great history and culture. Thousands of tourists visit Russia every day.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY