- •Translation
- •1. The translation of proper names
- •1.1. People’s names
- •1.2. Geographical names
- •1.3. The names of companies, newspapers, educational institutions, and public bodies
- •2. The translation of internationalisms and culturally-biased lexis
- •2.1. Internationalisms and their types
- •2.2. The translation of international words
- •2.3. Pseudo-internationalisms and their translation.
- •2.4. Culturally biased lexis and ways of its translation
- •3. The translation of idioms, proverbs, and sayings
- •3.1. Phraseological units and their semantic classification
- •3.2. Rules of translating idioms, proverbs, and sayings
- •2. Translation of idioms by choosing near equivalents
- •3. Translation by choosing genuine idiomatic analogies
- •4. Translating idioms by choosing approximate analogies
- •5. Descriptive translating of idiomatic and set expressions
- •4. The rendering of contextual meanings of the indefinite and definite articles
- •4.1. The translation of the indefinite article
- •4.2. The translation of the definite article
- •5. The translation of nominal phrases
- •6. The translation of verbals and verbal complexes
- •7. Translation transformations
- •7.1. Ways of translating non-equivalent words
- •7.2. Lexical transformations
- •7.3. Grammatical transformations
- •7.4. Stylistic transformations
4.1. The translation of the indefinite article
The indefinite article in English is believed to perform merely grammatical functions, and is not therefore translated. In some cases, however, it has additional semantic loading which has to be represented. In such situations, A\AN can be rendered in one of the following ways:
1) the numeral „один”: The reaction resulted into a complex molecule. – Внаслідок реакції утворилася одна складна молекула.
2) indefinite pronouns „будь-який”, „якийсь” or the adjectives „певний”, „відомий”: It is just a form of protest. – Це просто певна форма протесту.
3) demonstrative pronouns „той”, „такий”: This is a kind of answer that I reject. – Це така відповідь, яку я не сприймаю.
4) words and phrases such as „новий”, „ще один”, „такий, як”, „постать на кшталт”: I suspect that a Marie Curie or a Kepler wouldn’t be able to do their work better. – Гадаю, що постаті на кшталт Марії Кюрі або Кеплера на впоралися б зі своєю роботою краще.
5) one of the possessive pronouns (according to their contextual meaning):
He did not go home immediately, and under the tree, where he kept his vigils, he looked up at a window and murmured. (J. London) – Він (Мартін) не рушив зразу додому, а пішов до знайомого дерева, став на звичне місце проти її вікна і прошепотів схвильовано.
6) the negative pronoun or the negative particle ані, жодного (when the determined noun is preceded by the negative particle not): Не hadn't a penny – Він не мав жодного пенні.
7) the relative adjective “цілий” which is lexically equivalent in the sentences below to the Ukrainian identifying pronoun весь: Martin rented a typewriter and spent a day mastering the machine (J. London) – Мартін узяв напрокат друкарську машинку і цілий (весь) день вчився друкувати...
8) different relative adjectives (the most often used being справжній) are more common in Ukrainian contextual substitutes for the lexically meaningful indefinite article: It is sweet to feel that you are really and truly a woman. – Приємно відчувати себе справжньою жінкою;
9) The contextual meaning of the indefinite article may some times be expressed in Ukrainian through different adverbs: He had the conviction that he, could sit in a draught if he wanted to J. Galsworthy) – У нього було таке переконання, що він міг сидіти навіть на протязі, якби того захотів;
10) More common in Ukrainian contextual substitutes for the lexically meaningful indefinite article are, however, different relative adjectives, the most often used being “справжній”: This small sum seemed a fortune – Ця маленька сума здалася (Мартіну) справжнім скарбом.
4.2. The translation of the definite article
The definite article THE is not translated, as a rule. Though in some cases, when its specifying meaning has to be preserved, the article can be substituted for the following:
1) pronouns „цей”, „ось такий”: The argument is unconvincing – Цей аргумент не є переконливим.
2) the pronoun „всі”: The many possibilities opened up by the solution were not used. – Не вдалося скористатися всіма тими можливостями, які виникли завдяки такому вирішенню.
3) the possessive pronoun “його, її, їхній, свій”: «Why don't you eat?» he demanded, as Martin dipped dolefully into the cold, half cooked oatmeal mush – «Чому ти не їси?» - запитав він, бачачи, як неохоче Мартін копирсає свою недоварену вівсяну кашу.
4) the relative pronoun “який (яка, яке, які)”: She did not know the actual fire of love – Вона не знала, яке то справжнє полум'я кохання.
5) the identifying attributive pronoun “сам, сам собою, інший”: The toil meant nothing to him – Сама собою праця нічого не важила для нього.
6) an adjective or adjectivized participle (according to the contextual meaning): Martin Eden did not go out to hunt for a job in the morning – Мартін Іден не пішов наступного ранку шукати роботи.
7) a particle emphasizing the attributive pronoun, numeral or another part of speech: The next afternoon, accompanied by Arthur, she arrived in the Morses carriage – На другий же день в супроводі Артура вона приїхала до нього в кареті Морзів.
8) when the noun in the sentence has another attribute, and the clearly explicit lexical meaning of the definite article remains superflous: He lay where he had fallen, and from there he watched the man in the red sweater(J.London). – Він лежав, де впав, і звідти спостерігав за чоловіком у червоному светрі.
9) In many a case the definite article may point to thematic functioning of the noun, which is usually signalized by its initial position in the sentence and pointing to the core of the utterance presenting the basic, known already elements in the sentence: The old man stared at the open door. (J. Steinbeck) – Старий з острахом дивився на прочинені двері.
