- •Translation
- •1. The translation of proper names
- •1.1. People’s names
- •1.2. Geographical names
- •1.3. The names of companies, newspapers, educational institutions, and public bodies
- •2. The translation of internationalisms and culturally-biased lexis
- •2.1. Internationalisms and their types
- •2.2. The translation of international words
- •2.3. Pseudo-internationalisms and their translation.
- •2.4. Culturally biased lexis and ways of its translation
- •3. The translation of idioms, proverbs, and sayings
- •3.1. Phraseological units and their semantic classification
- •3.2. Rules of translating idioms, proverbs, and sayings
- •2. Translation of idioms by choosing near equivalents
- •3. Translation by choosing genuine idiomatic analogies
- •4. Translating idioms by choosing approximate analogies
- •5. Descriptive translating of idiomatic and set expressions
- •4. The rendering of contextual meanings of the indefinite and definite articles
- •4.1. The translation of the indefinite article
- •4.2. The translation of the definite article
- •5. The translation of nominal phrases
- •6. The translation of verbals and verbal complexes
- •7. Translation transformations
- •7.1. Ways of translating non-equivalent words
- •7.2. Lexical transformations
- •7.3. Grammatical transformations
- •7.4. Stylistic transformations
7.4. Stylistic transformations
Stylistic transformations are used in the process of translation to neutralize or lay stylistic emphasis on some element by underlining connotative shades of its meaning. Stylistic transformations include neutralization, expressivation, modernization, and archaization.
1) Neutralization is a way of translation by means of substituting the emotive and expressive or marked ethnic item of the source language for the stylistically neutral equivalent in the target language which puts certain limitations on the aesthetic effect of the original text: maiden (poet.) or chick (sl.) – дівчина; bucks – долари; tomahawk – сокира; to give a sack – звільнити з роботи.
2) Expressivation is a stylistic transformation aimed at substituting the stylistically neutral word in the source text for the stylistically marked equivalent that contributes to its emotive and expressive colouring: to go – чимчикувати, woman – газдиня, house – хата, coat – кожух.
3) Modernization is used when translating historical words and archaisms with the help of modern equivalents which make the aesthetic features of the original text less expressive: churl (hist.) – простолюдин (а не кріпосний), yeoman (hist.) - фермер.
4) Archaization is a way or translating modern common lexis with the help of historical and archaic words and phrases to signify historical realia and make the target text more expressive: the clothes - шати, lady - бояриня.