- •Translation
- •1. The translation of proper names
- •1.1. People’s names
- •1.2. Geographical names
- •1.3. The names of companies, newspapers, educational institutions, and public bodies
- •2. The translation of internationalisms and culturally-biased lexis
- •2.1. Internationalisms and their types
- •2.2. The translation of international words
- •2.3. Pseudo-internationalisms and their translation.
- •2.4. Culturally biased lexis and ways of its translation
- •3. The translation of idioms, proverbs, and sayings
- •3.1. Phraseological units and their semantic classification
- •3.2. Rules of translating idioms, proverbs, and sayings
- •2. Translation of idioms by choosing near equivalents
- •3. Translation by choosing genuine idiomatic analogies
- •4. Translating idioms by choosing approximate analogies
- •5. Descriptive translating of idiomatic and set expressions
- •4. The rendering of contextual meanings of the indefinite and definite articles
- •4.1. The translation of the indefinite article
- •4.2. The translation of the definite article
- •5. The translation of nominal phrases
- •6. The translation of verbals and verbal complexes
- •7. Translation transformations
- •7.1. Ways of translating non-equivalent words
- •7.2. Lexical transformations
- •7.3. Grammatical transformations
- •7.4. Stylistic transformations
Translation
1. The translation of proper names
The process of translation requires overcoming a number of lexical difficulties: polysemy, synonymy of words, terminology, neologisms, abbreviations, “false friends” of an interpreter, culturally-biased lexis, phraseological units, stylistic devices and expressive means, etc. Choosing the correct way to translate proper names (people’s names, geographical names, names of companies, educational institutions, and public bodies) is yet another problematic issue.
1.1. People’s names
People’s names are traditionally subdivided into two main groups: universal names (represented in a number of non-kindred languages) and nationally specific names. To translate nationally specific names of people, transcoding is used most often.
Conveying Ukrainian first names and family names is performed with the help of the Romanization System. A practical realization of this system can be illustrated on many Ukrainian names where a few letters (и, й, ий, ій, я, ю, є, ї, ж, щ, х, ч, ц) and palatalized consonants must be substituted for the completely, approximately or similarly corresponding English letters or letter combinations to produce an approximate sound form (Кирило – Kyrylo; Українка – Ukrainka; Їжакевич – Yizhakevych; Йосип – Yosyp; Андрій – Andrii (-iy); Гулий – Hulyi; Яким – Yakym; Софія – Sofia; Гаврило – Havrylo; Жанна – Zhanna; Хома – Khoma; Царенко – Tsarenko; Клочко – Klochko; Тиміш – Tymish; Щербань – Shcherban'. Palatalization is often marked with the help of a diacritic sign (')
Long English vowel phonemes are substituted in Ukrainian for the corresponding short vowel phonemes: Mark – Марк, Austin – Остін, Cooper – Купер. English diphthongs are usually substituted for the corresponding Ukrainian vowel combinations: Brighton – Брайтон, Howell – Гауел, Mabel – Мейбл, Joyce – Джойс, Virginia – Вірджінія.
A few English people’s names are transliterated with the omission or addition of letters to avoid violating the spelling rules of the Ukrainian language: McDonald – Макдональд, Dinah – Діна, Jupiter – Юпітер, Longfellow – Лонгфелло, Williamson – Вільямсон. Other English proper names are rendered into Ukrainian partly through transcription: Newton – Ньютон, Jackson – Джексон, Valentine – Валентайн.
Extralinguistic factors should be taken into consideration when translating universal people’s names. For example, well-known names Adam, David can be translated into Ukrainian as Адам and Давид (Biblical or historical) or as Едем and Девід (common people's names), similarly with Matthew, Paul, Rachel and some others which can be rendered as Матфей/Метью, Павло/Пол, Рахіль/Рейчел.
The names of monarchs have their historically predetermined translation equivalents. These exceptions from the general rule are observed in the following names: King Charles/George/Henry/John/James – король Карл/Георг/Генріх/Іоанн/Яків; Queen Elisabeth/Mary/Ann/Margaret – королева Єлизавета/Марія/Анна/Маргарита. Some names of kings, queens, tsars, etc. are transliterated in the target language. These are mostly peculiar national names with no corresponding equivalents in other languages: King Horn – король Горн; Prince Robert – принц Роберт; цар Борис/Іван – Tsar Boris/Ivan; князь Мстислав – Prince Mstyslav. Nicknames of monarchs are translated irrespective of the language they come from: King Charles the Great – король Карл Великий; King Edward the Confessor – король Едуард Сповідник; King Richard the Lionheart – король Річард Левине Серце.