1)CRITICAL REALISM (Wells, Galsworthy, Shaw): 1) The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and portrayed the

extremely shocking contradictions of bourgeois reality. 2) Sympathy for the laboring people. 3)Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the dark side of reality.4) The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel.

1)The events that influence development of realism are the following: World War 1,Russian Revolution, Strike 1928,Marxist Ideology

1) John Galsworthy came from the upper middle class and it was this class ( bourgeoisie) and their life that constituted the theme of his novels. His trilogies are often autobiographical.

2) Bernard Shaw. Changed the aim of drama from entertainment to social. His plays are didactive.

For the 1-st time Shaw raised the topics of religion, marriage, class struggle, education in drama. « Well-made» play proclaimed that dramaturgy should deal with serious and moral issues. Shaw called his first plays « Plays unpleasant». Topics: reach, income, wealth. Then « Plays Pleasant» in which he shows previous ideals of society which were old and not true to life, showed the reality without romantic shade. « Three plays for Puritans». Shaw`s satire was getting sharper and sharper.

Critics say that Shaw`s best play is « Saint Joan». The tragic and the comic, philosophical, moral are combined in this play.

2)George Herbert Wells. Father of social fiction ( science fiction + social problems).

World War 1 real shocked him. In this early cycle of science fiction Wells touches upon the problems and human civilization- this is the main theme in such works as:

«The Time Machine»-this is dystopia-the picture of the future society which is far from ideal and perfect.

«The Invisible Man»- in this book the writer touches upon the problem of morality, ethics and science

2) Modernism (Joyce, Wolf, Lawrence)

The flourishing of modernism dates back to the 20 - 30ss of the 20 century.

1) Unlike realists who viewed human characters as social types , predetermined by the environment, modernists saw the cause of human actions in man's subconscious or subliminal sphere.

2) Concentrated on man's inner world, thoughts and feelings. Special technique known as. "a stream of consciousness".

3) Their works abounded in historical, literary, mythological and other kinds of allusions

1Virginia Wolf Novelist and critic, a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Tries to experiment in almost all novels. Her text is a game, she plays with the reader.

Mrs Dalloway ,To the Lighthouse ,Orlando -identity is never fixed. We never know what we are.

2James Joyce-Irish novelist. Established “ stream of consciousness” as a valid way of writing fiction.

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, a novel which is largely autobiographical, about a boy growing up in Dublin, prioritizes art. His view of life is grim. He doesn’t have any illusions. The person is flesh and bone with few ideas.

3Lawrence.His manner of writing is more traditional in comparison with that of Joyce’s and Woolf’s. His novel ‘Sons and Lovers’ can be considered a talented illustration of the Oedipus complex. His other novel deals with sex and love(The white Peacock, Lady Chatterley’s Lover). He showed the eternal desire to love and to be loved, the relation to be sexes as a constant struggle

3. Realism in the british post-war 2 (Greene, Snow)

WW II changed the ideological life of Britain greatly! Post-war Britain faced heavy financial losses, growing dependence from the USA, the cold war and the atomic threat. Such circumstances led to the rapid intensification of the cultural and moral crisis, particularly of the intellectuals, and caused their disillusionment. 1Graham Greene was a very prolific writer, novelist, short - story writer, playwright, publicist. He himself divided his novels into two groups:

1) "serious novels" -"The Quiet American"

2)"Entertaining novels"

One of the most important features of Greene's works is the extremely wide geography of his novels.

The idea of moral choice and moral involvement brings Greene close to existentialism.

2Charles Persey Snow one of the most outstanding realist writers of the 20^th century England. Literary fame came to him when he started publishing a series of 11 novels under the general title of Strangers and Brothers which took him around 25 years to finish. The most important novels are: The light and the dark, Time of hope. His last novel Last Things of the series was finished in 1970. The title of the series is symbolic: ppl are “strangers” if they are alone, isolated from the environment

4. Lost generation (Hemingway, Fitzgerald)

In the period after World War I there appeared both in Great Britain and in the USA a group of writers who were called "the lost generation" These writers as well as their personages had all passed through the horrors of the war .

Having faced the reality of the war, the soldiers -writers lost their pre - war ideals and illusions. Many of the characters in the books of "the lost generation" lost their lives or returned crippled from the trenches (фронт), either physically or morally, spiritually or both. In the 30s the situation changed drastically because of the Great Depression .The living standards dropped very low. There was a rise of proletariat movement in America. 1)Ernest Hemingway , born in Oak Park, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he described in his first important work, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Equally successful was A Farewell to Arms (1929), the study of an American ambulance officer's disillusionment in the war and his role as a deserter.

2. Francis Scott Fitzgerald  was an American author of novels and short stories,

He finished four novels: This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned,The Great Gatsby (his most famous), and Tender Is the Night

5.REALISM OF THE 20TH CENTURY (Galsworthy, Greene)

It was peculiar with the influence of modernism and psychologism. However, it was characterized by its attention to details. It tried to reproduce the most detail and objective life of Great Britain before and after World Wars. Realism represented the social life and paid much attention to domestic problems. Its representatives showed tragic vision of life using satire and dark humour, but still their vision of life is much more optimistic than the modernistic one.    Narrative form used by realists is characterized by several narrative characters in order to create an objective vision of life.

1)The events that influence development of realism are the following: World War 1, Russian Revolution, Strike 1928, Marxist Ideology

The social and social-psychological novel , family chronicle or epic cycle (J. Galsworthy)John 1Galsworthy came from the upper middle class and it was this class ( bourgeoisie) and their life that constituted the theme of his novels. His trilogies are often autobiographical.