2. Употребление времен в пассивном залоге.

Если подлежащее выражает лицо или предмет, который подвергается действию со стороны другого лица или пред­мета, то глагол употребляется в форме пассивного залога.

TV sets are sold in this shop.

The Contract was signed yesterday.

Времена в пассивном залоге образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола “to be” в соответствующем вре­мени и Причастия II (Past Participle) , то есть глагола в 3-й форме V3.

Present Simple: am/is/are + V3. e.g. The books are published here.

Past Simple: was/were + V3. e.g. The goods were delivered by air.

Future Simple: will be + V3. e.g. The computers will be bought tomorrow.

Present Continuous: am/is/are + being + V3. e.g. The prob­lem is being discussed.

Past Continuous: was/were + being + V3. e.g. The text was being translated for 3 hours.

Present Perfect: have/has + been + V3. e.g. The new model of TV has just been delivered.

Past Perfect: had + been + V3. e.g. The letter had been writ­ten before I came.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол упот­ребляется перед подлежащим:

Are the books published here?

Were the goods delivered by air?

Will the computers be bought?

Is the problem being discussed?

Has the new model been delivered?

Упражнение 1. Поставьте данные предложения в форму пассивного залога:

Например: We have always bought books in this shop. – Books have always been bought in this shop.

1. He inserted components into the device.

2. They have just installed new equipment.

3. We see the benefits of the production.

4. The manager will introduce new ideas.

5. We supply the company with spare parts.

6. The company diversified their product range last year.

7. He reviews programmes every year.

8. Smith is discussing the question.

9. Robert was translating the letter for 20 minutes.

10. We have provided the shop with clothes for 10 years.

Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в активном или пассивном залоге:

Пример: The company (establish) two years ago. – The company was established two years ago.

1. The new goods (develop) last year.

2. The company (sell) the goods to many countries.

3. The profit (increase) two times for 3 years.

4. The company (produce) only high-quality equipment.

5. They (conduct) market research 2 years ago which showed that goods (admire) all over the world.

6. The director of this company often (negotiate) with repre­sentatives of other companies and (discuss) many prob­lems.

7. All problems (solve) very quickly and efficiently.

8. 20 people (employ) last year. A very qualified manager on scientific research Mr. Pavlov is among them. He (investi­gate) a new model of computer now.

9. It (produce) next year.

10. It is evident that the new model (buy) by many companies.

3. Неличные формы глагола.

1) Инфинитив (Infinitive)

Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая только называет действие, не указывая на лица и на числа. Инфи­нитив отвечает на вопрос что делать? что сделать? Напри­мер: to buy - покупать, to sell – продавать. Инфинитив в предложении употребляется без частицы “to”, если перед ним не употребляется модальный глагол.

Инфинитив в предложении может служить:

1. Подлежащим:

To work much is difficult. Работать много – тяжело.

To travel is pleasant. Путешествовать – приятно.

2. Именной частью сказуемого:

My service was to deliver the goods. Моей обязанностью было доставить товары.

Their duty was to pass exams well. Их обязанностью было сдавать экзамены хорошо.

3. Частью составного сказуемого:

We wanted to sell the computers. Мы хотели продать компьютеры.

The manager decided to conduct talks. Менеджер решил провести переговоры.

4. Дополнением:

I asked him to finish the work. Я попросил его закончить работу.

The director told me to pay in advance. Директор приказал мне заплатить заранее.

5. Определением:

It is the problem to be solved at once. Вот проблема, которую нужно немедленно решить.

I was the first to come. Я пришел первым.

6. Обстоятельством:

They developed a new model to get profit. Они разработали новую модель, чтобы получить прибыль.

David went to the office to talk with the director. Дэвид по­ехал в офис, чтобы поговорить с директором.

Упражнение 1. Определите функцию инфинитива в данных предложениях:

1. We want to increase our market share.

2. Grove offered to promote these products.

3. The secretary called Stella lorens to confirm the order.

4. His responsibility was to maintain business relations.

5. To succeed is difficult.

6. I had a problem to solve.

7. Rand asked the manager to help.

8. They advertised the goods to impress public.

9. To win is terrific.

10. He came to stay.

Инфинитив имеет формы времени и залога:

Active	Passive
Indefinite to discuss	to be discussed
Continuous to be developing
Perfect to have translated	to have been translated
Perfect Continuous to have been playing