2.2 Descriptive Psychology w. Dilthey (1833-1911) and e. Spranger (1882-1963)

The human psyche can not be studied by experimental methods, and can only be understood. The main thing in person - is its value orientation that allows a subject to come in cognition. E. Spranger identified 6 types of knowledge of the world 6 "forms of life" and corresponding them types of people.

1. Theoretical man - who extends to knowledge of the laws of the world, human relations. Regardless of profession, for her main understanding is what happens around. Life for her is presented as a "fan problems"

2. Economic man - who seeks benefits in cognition. Thinking has a pragmatic focus on creating useful knowledge from natural sciences and engineering.

3. Aesthetic man – who perceives the environment as harmonious and disharmonious, trying to understand the world through aesthetic experience as shape, color, rhythm (not only professional artists, musicians, etc.).

4. Social man – who tries to find himself in another man and to live for others. Extends to embracing love, love for humanity. In this love the boundaries of her personality are dissolved.

5. Political man - extends to purely administrative power, such power that meets the highest spiritual requirements, based on the true spiritual values ​​and on this basis determines the motives and actions of others.

6. Religious person - 6 type of a person, value orientation which is to find the meaning of life, the beginning of all beginnings, the supreme spiritual values ​​¬ God. He can not belong to any of the churches, not to perform ceremonies.

In this classification E. Spranger showed that people differ not only temperament, constitution, behavior, first of all values ​​of their spiritual orientation. This creates a spiritual personality of the individual, its spiritual essence.

2.3 behavioral approach, or theory of learning.

This theory is a response to the ideas of the theory of psychoanalysis, as well as a consequence of the development of psychology as a science. Pavlov, D. Watson, Skinner were its representatives. The basic idea of ​​the approach is that a continuous influence of the social environment plays important role in formation of human behavior. In their view, social and especially sexual roles of people, most of their forms of social behavior are formed as a result of observation of social models such as parents, teachers, friends, emotionally sensitive people.

Personality, according to the theory of learning – is the result of the interaction of the individual with the environment that he wants to learn to identify situations in which his behavior is appropriate and complies with social norms, and where is not.

Thus, behavioral aspect is in the base of the theory of learning. It explains how you can change people's behavior depending on the actions in specific situations. One of the main elements of this theory is the concept of changing human behavior with conditioned reflexes.

In management those managers win, who apply this theory in practice, preventing unwanted and encouraging desired behavior. In a professional environment, there are many factors that are controlled by the head and can have both positive and negative effects: 1) salary, 2) the employee's desire to keep a job, 3) the prestige and status, 4) feedback.

2.4 Cognitive Approach

A man – is a passive creature which is under the control of the environment. The nature of her reactions on situations that occur most often determined by the cognitive interpretation, which he makes personally (Rotter, 1966). Specificity of human perception of their own behavior and its consequences is largely dependent on the characteristics of her personality. They found that some people the reason of creation of their image see in internal factors () other – in external circumstances.

From here this division of people by Rotter "oriented internal" and "external-oriented." The first sure that in any moment they can affect on the environment and always take responsibility for what happened to them. This active, dynamic people who can analyze problems and responsible for their actions, identify strengths and weaknesses situations that ensued.

For failure - reproached himself - heads-internals.

Other people believe in the existence of external control, in fact, emerged as their image, lifestyle, other people blame. It is more passive and less workable personality that easily explain their lack of ability failure - externalities.

This approach underlies in the division of leaders by the internals and externalities.

Value theory: it allows to take into account the complexity of the interrelation between a man and situations that arise. Disadvantages: does not explain why people tend to see the reasons for their behavior in itself, the other - in other people. On this question, give an answer other theories of personality.

2.5 Theory of Growth (Maslow, Carl Rogers). Its main contents: a man committed to excellence of their creativity, self-expression.

Hierarchy of needs Maslow

Self-actualization

Full realization of creative potential

Selfish needs External: Status. Prestige. Respect. Internal: Self-esteem. Confidence. Freedom.

Social needs The situation in the society. Friendship. Love.

Requirements of safety Guaranteed satisfaction of physiological needs

Physiological needs Food. Housing. Relax. Sex.

Hierarchy of professional motivation by Maslow

Self-actualization

Needs of assessment (Title, position, promotion )

Requirements of belonging (Formal and informal groups)

Requirements of safety (Pension funds, labor unions, Support Committees)

Basic needs (Salary)

Hierarchy has neither mechanical nor chronological nature. Some people may seek to express themselves, without waiting until the receive recognition or status.

Some - the hierarchy can be chaotic or completely inverted.

Unsatisfied needs are a kind of stimulus in the subordinate. Pleased request loses value of incentive.

Leaders need to remember that the needs may conflict with the interests of business. However, it can decide if the conditions as closely as possible so as to meet their own needs coincided with the needs of the organizational structure.

2.6 Theory motivations Makkelanda-Atkinson (David Makkeland, John Aktkinson, Harvard University).

University of Michigan: researchers systematized factors stimulating personality, developed a theory based on the idea that people are compeled by three factors ¬ desire: 1) to success, 2) to the recognition, 3) to power.

Yearning the success is a desire to differ, obtain admittance to life standarts. A man, who yearn the success, likes to deal with problems for which he is individually responsible,

poses a difficult problem and wants to hear response about his activity.

Yearning the authority is a desire to influence others, to compel them to do what they are not committed to. The man with the desire wants to control others and influence them, enjoying the realization of his power.

The desire to be recognized - attempts to establish friendly relations and connections with others. Such a person is more focused on personal relationships.

Value of the theory: the leader must know how to arouse a desire to subordinate, which would compel him to comply with the wishes in the process of productive labor. Approach to the desired authority, success and recognition make a man happy.