1. The metrological characteristics of measuring instruments. Estimation methods and valuation. Characteristics of the errors of measurement.

1. Valuation methods

In order to evaluate a company, one must have an initial understanding of it. Therefore, at Venture Valuation, we pursue a holistic evaluation approach. All valuations are based on a careful consideration of both hard facts and soft factors. We apply a thorough risk assessment of factors which include:

• Management

• Market

• Science and technology

• Financials / funding phase

To determine the value of a company as accurately and as objectively as possible, we use a mixture of different assessment methods. All methods are specifically suited for the evaluation of technology companies, with high growth potential and start-up companies of all types. Although not every kind of valuation method is appropriate, Venture Valuation assesses each company according to their industry and financing phase.

2. The metrological characteristics of measuring instruments. Estimation methods and valuation. Dynamic characteristics. Principles of selection complexes normalized metrological characteristics Characteristics of measurement systems • The system characteristics are to be known, to choose an instrument that most suited to a particular measurement application. • The performance characteristics may be broadly divided into two groups, namely ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’ characteristics. • Static characteristics • the performance criteria for the measurement of quantities that remain constant, or vary only quite slowly. • Dynamic characteristics • the relationship between the system input and output when the measured quantity (measurand) is varying rapidly.

Static and Dynamic Characteristics • Instrument systems are usually built up from a serial linkage of distinguishable building blocks. • The actual physical assembly may not appear to be so but it can be broken down into a representative diagram of connected blocks. • The sensor is activated by an input physical parameter and provides an output signal to the next block that processes the signal into a more appropriate state. • A fundamental characterization of a block is to develop a relationship between the input and output of the block. • All signals have a time characteristic. • It is essential to consider the behavior of a block in terms of both the static and dynamic states. • The behavior of the static regime alone and the combined static and dynamic regime can be found through use of an appropriate mathematical model of each block.

3. Metrological reliability The metrological reliability - a property measuring means to keep the set values of metrological characteristics within a certain time under normal conditions and working conditions. It is characterized by a failure rate, the probability of failure-free operation and MTBF.

4. The main metrological characteristics of the measuring instruments Measuring Instruments are measuring devices that transform the measured quantity or a related quantity into an indication or information. Measuring instruments can either indicate directly the value of the measured quantity or only indicate its equality to a known measure of the same quantity (e.g. equal arm balance, or null detecting galvanometer). They may also indicate the value of the small difference between the measured quantity and the measure having a value very near to it (comparator). Measuring instruments usually utilise a measuring sequence in which the measured quantity is transformed into a quantity perceptible to the observer (length, angle, sound, luminous contrast). Measuring instruments may be used in conjunction with separate material measures (e.g. balances using standard masses to compare unknown mass), or they may contain internal parts to reproduce the unit (like graduated rules, a precision thread, etc.)

5. Name the types and methods of measurement Measure - the process of finding the value of a physical quantity empirically by measuring means.

The method of measurement - a set of principles and methods of use of measuring instruments.

Means of measurement (SI) are the techniques employed with normalized metrological characteristics.

There are various kinds of measurements. The classification of types of measurements are made, based on the nature of the measured value depending on the time, the type of equation measurement conditions that determine the accuracy of measurements and ways of expressing the results.

By the nature of the measured value depending on the time of measurement allocate static and dynamic measurements.

By way of the results, determined by the type of measurement equation, is a direct, indirect, cumulative and collaborative dimension.

Depending on the method of expression measurements are distinguished absolute and relative measurements.

Depending on the method of determining the values of the unknown quantities are two basic methods of measurement method of direct evaluation and comparison method to measure.

Depending on the production method of measuring information, measurement can be contact and contactless.

Depending on the type of used measuring devices are distinguished tool expert, heuristic methods of measurement and sensory.

The method of measurement - to receive or set of methods comparing the measured physical quantity with its units according to implement the principle of measurement. The principle of measurement is understood as a physical phenomenon or effect underlying the measurement or the other type of measurement.

The choice of method depends on the measuring device measuring tools. Means of measurement are the techniques employed with normalized metrological characteristics.

There are the following main methods of measurement:

1) the direct method of evaluation;

2) the method of comparison with the measure;

3) Zero method;

4) The method for measuring the substitution;

5) The method for measuring the complement;

6) the differential method;

7) contact method;

8) non-contact method.

6. Name the normal measurement conditions The normal measurement conditions (Eng. Reference conditions) - the measurement conditions, characterized by a set of values ​​or ranges of values ​​of influence quantities for which the change in the measurement result is neglected because of the smallness.

Note. The normal measurement conditions are set in the regulations on the measuring instruments of a particular type or their verification (calibration).

Average values ​​of influence quantities (Eng. Reference value) - the value of the influence quantity, set as a nominal.

Note. In many measurement values ​​normalized to normal temperature of 20 ° C or 293 K, and in other cases, the normalized 296 K (23 ° C). In the normal value, to which many of the results of measurements made in different conditions, usually calculated basic error of measurement.

The normal range of values ​​of the influence quantity (Eng. Reference range of (for) influence quantity) - the range of the influence quantity within which the change in the measurement result under its influence can be neglected in accordance with established standards of accuracy.

Example. Normal temperature range of values ​​for verification of normal elements of accuracy class 0.005 in the oven should not vary by more than +/- 0,05 ° C from the set temperature of 20 ° C, ie be in the range of 19,95 to 20,05 ° C.