6 Name the structure of the state system of measurement

The structure of the state system of ensuring the uniformity of measurements

      The structure of the state system of ensuring the uniformity of measurements include:

      1) Metrological Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, is the organizational basis;

      2) state standards of size units, standards of size units and measuring instruments, components of the technical basis;

      3) regulations and normative documents regulating requirements, organization and procedure of the work to ensure traceability.

      Footnote. Article 6 with amendments - the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 9, 2004 N 558; December 29, 2006 N 209 (procedure of coming into force see. Article 2).

7 The procedure of state metrological control.

The practical implementation of the policy of the Committee of technical regulation and metrology in the field of state control is carried out 16 territorial departments of the Committee on areas and years. Astana, Almaty, in the following areas:

1) the state metrological control;

2) state control over the activities of the licensees of the state symbols of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

3) the state control over the origin of the goods;

4) the state control on the import into the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan from countries not members of the EAEC, and the export from the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the country of precious stones, jewelry made of precious metals and precious stones

1. The State metrological control is carried out by the authorized body and its territorial units in order to verify compliance with natural and legal persons provisions of the Law and other regulations to ensure traceability.

The main objectives of ensuring the uniformity of measurements are:

1) to protect the interests of citizens and the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan from consequences of doubtful results of measurements;

2) ensuring the safety and quality of domestic and imported products, processes (works) and services;

3) ensuring reliable accounting of all kinds of material and energy resources;

4) To ensure reliability of measurements at basic researches and scientific developments;

5) To ensure reliable measurement results in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, control of the security conditions of work and life of people, traffic safety and environmental protection.

Objects of the state metrological control are:

      1) standards of measurement units;

      2) measuring instruments;

      3) methods of measurement;

      4) the activities of individuals and legal entities to ensure uniformity of measurements in the observance of metrological rules and norms;

      5) the number of prepackaged products of any kind at their packaging, sale and import;

      6) the amount of goods alienated at fulfillment of trading operations.

The state metrological control includes:

1) control of the release, commissioning, condition and application of measuring instruments using measurement techniques, measurement standards, compliance with metrological rules and norms;

2) control over quantity of the goods alienated at fulfillment of trading operations;

3) control over quantity of prepackaged products of any kind at their packaging, sale and import.

 

2. One of the competence of the Committee is to issue licenses for the production of state symbols (the National Flag and National Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan) and control over the compliance of the state symbols of the requirements of national standards on the basis of the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On state symbols of the Republic of Kazakhstan."

To date, 35 companies have state licenses to carry out activities for the production of the National Flag and National Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

8 Requirements for testing laboratories. The procedure of accreditation for conducting verifications of measuring instruments

Checking SI - Verification of measurement tools - certain operations that must be performed in order to identify - appropriate means of measurement declared metrological requirements or not.

Measuring instruments to be used in the sphere of state regulation of assurance of measurement before the operation and in the case of repairs, for its completion must undergo initial verification and during the operation - must be periodically calibrated.

Those individuals who use the measuring instrument in the field of state regulation of assurance of measurement, which can be both individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, should definitely time to carry out verification of the data of measurement.

The main purpose of verification of measuring it - in strict accordance with the developed and approved the order to transfer the working measuring instruments (RCI) size measurement units from the initial reference resources.

In implementing this established procedure of verification should be available in the necessary state primary standards of measurement units, calibration scheme complies with our technical equipment, developed methods of verification required regulatory support, training - verification officers, as well as - necessary measuring systems.

On the basis of the RF Law "On ensuring the unity of measurements" - calibration of measuring instruments (SI) is mandatory.

Certification systems use the services of testing laboratories. The test laboratory may be an independent organization or part of the certification body or other organization. General requirements for testing laboratories are as follows:

• possession of legal personality;

• inclusion in the organizational structure of the quality assurance system, which allows to perform the functions at the appropriate level;

• readiness to demonstrate the ability to carry out tests to assess its competent authorities;

• exclusion of the possibility to exert the pressure of employees with the aim of influencing the test results;

• awareness of each employee about their rights and responsibilities;

•presence of the head, is responsible for all technical problems;

• safety regulations and measures to ensure the secrecy of information and protection of property rights;

• appropriate education, training, technical knowledge and experience of the laboratory staff with their respective tasks and responsibilities;

• Provision of equipment and access to the equipment necessary for the test properly. Measuring and testing equipment shall be calibrated for compliance with generally accepted standards (if any). In other cases, the laboratory is required to submit convincing evidence of test results (for example, through participation in a suitable program of interlaboratory tests);

• use of standard test methods and procedures. If the lab is forced to use unconventional methods, they should be documented;

• availability of properly equipped premises for testing, protected from the influence of the environment on the test results;

• providing precautions to prevent a negative impact on the results of tests for storage, transportation and preparation of the samples to the testing procedure;

• representation of the test results when you make a test report in a form clear and understandable for the customer;

• readiness to perform a variety of additional requirements, if they occur at its certification. May require additional information, such as information about the region served by the laboratory; customer data (product manufacturers, government and so forth.); detailed information on the recognition of the laboratory by various organizations, etc.

Frequency of verifications of measuring instruments. Who conducts the verification of the measuring instruments, for what purpose, which are subject to verification and measuring instruments which are not subject to the types and methods of checks than completion of verification of measuring instruments.

Frequency of calibration of measuring instruments subject to departmental verification, established by the enterprise, depending on the operating conditions. [1]

Frequency of calibration of measuring instruments (Annex 3) established in accordance with the requirements of GOST 8JOI02 - 71 and taking into account the best practices of the industry. [2]

Frequency of calibration of measuring instruments subject to departmental verification, established by the enterprises themselves, depending on the operating conditions. [3]

Metrological certification of measuring instruments with the definition of the metrological characteristics of nx and verify compliance with the requirements specified intervals provides verification of measuring instruments. For the properties of matter, not spent in the application, now provides re-certification during the term of the CD. [4]

Rationally choose the means of measurement heuristic methods virtually impossible, as is taken into account not only the required accuracy, speed, range, and reliability, cost, frequency of verification of measuring instruments, resistance them to external factors and so on. These parameters define the quality of the measurements, so measuring means are selected based on their influence on the reliability in operation of the device. [5]

In carrying out metrological examination of design and technological documentation for the development of non-standardized means of measuring the presence of an additional check list developed by the metrological characteristics of measuring instruments subject to control in the manufacture and exploitation, and guidance on the methods and means of metrological certification; guidance on methods, means and frequency of calibration of measuring instruments developed. If you can not use current methodologies and existing means of verification, check the availability of the newly developed method of checking and technical specifications for the creation of exemplary measuring. [6]

Intervals of periodic verification of measuring instruments installed major metrology. At the same time take into account factors such as the accuracy of measurement, the intensity of the instrument, the frequency of changing modes of measuring tools, etc.. The frequency of calibration of measuring instruments issued in the form of annual verification schedule. [7]

Calibration interval would have to be assigned to each unit individually, depending on the properties and conditions of work. But take into account all these conditions is not possible. Therefore, currently set rigid periodicity of verification of measuring instruments. [8]

Performs work on metrological support of the development, production, testing and operation of manufactured products now aimed at steady improvement of its quality. Participates in the drafting of prospective and current plans for the introduction of new measuring techniques, proposals for sectoral plans metrological assurance of production and the plans of organizational and technical measures to improve the metrological assurance, means and methods of measurement in the preparation and implementation of measures to improve product quality and competitiveness, it compliance with international standards. Makes local calibration scheme by kinds of measurements, establish the frequency of calibration of measuring instruments and develops schedules, their conduct. Carries out metrology expertise of design documentation developed by the company and received from other companies, metrological certification of measuring nestandartizuemyh. Carry out work on the choice of means and methods of measurement, developing methods of their implementation. Participates in the preparation of technical specifications for the design and development of measuring instruments for special purposes, in preparation manufactured by the enterprise for certification and certification, testing new products, as well as analysis of the causes of violation of technological regimes, marriage products, overhead raw materials, and other energy losses in production associated with the state of measuring, monitoring and testing. Checks sophisticated measuring tools, manufacturing equipment for compliance with the standards of accuracy for complex measurements during the manufacturing processes and product testing and measurement with a resolution of the differences between the units of the company for evaluation of accuracy and the choice of means and methods of measurement, prepare an opinion on their results. Participates in the implementation of state and industry standards, enterprise standards and other normative documents regulating accuracy. [9]

Performs work on metrological support of the development, production, testing and operation of manufactured products now aimed at steady improvement of its quality. Participates in the preparation of draft perspective and annual plans for the introduction of new measurement technology, offers the industry's plans to metrological assurance of production and the plans of organizational and technical measures to improve the metrological assurance, means and methods of measurement. Makes local calibration scheme by kinds of measurements, establish the frequency of calibration of measuring instruments and develops schedules, their conduct. Carries out metrology expertise of design documentation developed by the company and received from other enterprises (organizations) nestandartizuemyh metrological certification of measuring instruments. Carry out work on the choice of means and methods of measurement, developing methods of their implementation. Participates in the preparation of technical specifications for the design and development of measuring instruments for special purposes, in preparation manufactured by the enterprise to the state certification in testing new products, as well as analysis of the causes of violation of technological regimes, marriage products, overhead raw materials, energy and other losses in production associated with the state of measuring, monitoring and testing. Checks sophisticated measuring tools, manufacturing equipment for compliance with the standards of accuracy for complex measurements during the manufacturing processes and product testing and measurement with a resolution of the differences between the units of the company for evaluation of accuracy and the choice of means and methods of measurement, prepare an opinion on the results of such measurements. Participates in the implementation of state and industry standards, enterprise standards and other normative documents regulating accuracy. [10]

10. Give the definition of concepts such as direct measurements, indirect measurements, the total measurement, joint measurements.

Direct - a measure under which the desired value of a physical quantity are directly from the experimental data. Direct measurements can be expressed by the formula where - the desired measured value, and - the value directly derived from experimental data.

If direct measurements of experimental operations subjected to the measured value, which is compared with a measure directly or by means of measuring devices, graduated in the required units. Examples serve to direct measurements of body line, mass balance and by using other. Direct measurements are widely used in mechanical engineering, as well as control of technological processes (pressure, temperature, etc.).

Indirect - a measure under which the desired value is determined based on the known relationship between this value and the values ​​exposed to direct measurements, ie, It does not measure the actual determined value, while others that are functionally connected with it. The measured value is found by calculating the formula where Q - the desired value of indirectly measured quantity; F - functional relationship, which is known in advance, - the values ​​measured directly.

Joint - is produced simultaneously measuring two or more variables neodnoimennyh to find dependencies between them.

As an example is the measurement of electrical resistance at 200C, and the temperature coefficients of the measuring resistor according direct measurements of its resistance at various temperatures

Aggregate - is produced simultaneously measure multiple quantities of the same name, under which determine the desired solution of the system of equations obtained by direct-Mykh measurements of various combinations of these variables.

11 State test measuring instruments. What measuring instruments to be tested. For what purpose is carried out the test. Test procedure measuring instruments.

All instruments are designed for mass production, the import from abroad are subjected to on the part of the State metrological service mandatory state tests, by which is meant examination of the technical documentation for measuring instruments and experimental studies to determine the degree of compliance with established standards, the needs of the economy and the present level of instrumentation, as well as the appropriateness of their production.

There are two kinds of state tests:

acceptance testing prototypes of new types of measuring instruments, intended for mass production or import in the Russian Federation (state acceptance tests);

control tests of samples from the series and the installation of commercially available measuring instruments (government control tests).

Public acceptance tests conducted by metrological authorities of the State Standard or special state commission consisting of representatives of metrology institutes, organizations, developers, manufacturers and customers.

In the process of public acceptance testing prototypes of measuring the conformity of measurement means state of the art, as well as requirements specification, design specifications and government standards. Verification shall also normalized metrological characteristics and the ability to control the production, repair and after the operation, the possibility of checking and maintainability of test measuring instruments.

State acceptance commission on the basis of study and analysis of the samples for testing of measuring instruments and technical documentation accept the recommendation of the expediency (or inexpediency) release means for measuring this type.

State Standard hears state tests and decide on the approval of the type of measurement to be released into circulation in the country. Following the approval of the type of measuring instruments shall be entered in the State Register of measuring instruments.

State control tests carried out by territorial organizations of the State Standard. Their goal - to check compliance of production produced or imported from abroad of measuring the standards and technical conditions.

Routine tests of measuring mass production are carried out: the issue of the installation of the series, if there is information about the deterioration of the measuring instruments produced by the manufacturer; when changes to the design and manufacture of measuring instruments that affect their normalized metrological characteristics, as well as the procedure of state supervision over the quality of measuring instruments manufactured in the terms established by State Standard.

Routine tests are conducted periodically at all times during the production (or import) of this type of measurement on a test basis of the manufacturer. At the end of the test is the act of control tests containing the test results, comments, suggestions and conclusions. On the basis of an act of routine tests of the organization that conducted them, takes a decision to permit the continuation of the release into circulation of measurement data, or the elimination of deficiencies found during routine tests, or prohibiting their release into the circulation.

Name the measuring instruments subject to verification

The order of the Chairman of the Committee for Technical Regulation and Metrology of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 6, 2009 № 157-OD "On approval of the Nomenclature of the list and periodicity of checking of working measurement standards and measuring instruments subject to verification" to make the following changes and additions:

in the nomenclature list and periodicity of checking of working measurement standards and measuring instruments subject to verification:

Section 2 Measuring instruments manufactured or imported into the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan to 01/01/1992:

in the section "Measurement of movement":

in the "Name of measurement":

in the row sequence number 2:

the words "44 Tachometers" with "44 Tachometers *";

in the row sequence number 4:

the words "46 Speedmeters" with "46 Speedmeters *";

supplemented by the following note "Note: * used in the composition of calibration and test benches.";

Section 3 Measuring instruments registered in the register of the state system of measurement assurance of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

in the section "Measurement of movement":

in the "Name of measurement":

in the row sequence number 93:

the words "in 1271. Speedometers power "with" 1271 electric speedometers * ";

in the line number 104:

the words "in 1284. Electronic tachometers "with the words" 1284. Electronic tachometers * ";

supplemented by the following note "Note: * used in the composition of calibration and test benches.".

2. The enforcement of this Order shall be the Vice-Chairman of TA Momysheva

3. This Order comes into force from the date of signing

13 Functions of the State Scientific Metrological Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

functions of the State Scientific Metrological Center (SSMC), which is part of the state metrological service, in part (Article 14):

- Carrying out verification of measuring instruments without the need for accreditation, given that the assessment of the competence of SSMC is carried out by means of equivalent grade from regional and international metrology organizations,

- Calibration of measurement standards and high-precision measuring instruments,

- For certification, recertification of measurement verification officers.

Level 2

Theme 1

Foranyviolationofmetrological rulesadoptedadministrative measures.

RF Law "On ensuring the unity of measurements" provides the legal responsibility of violators of metrological rules and norms. Art. 20 of the Act establishes various measures of restraint or to prevent violations (bans, mandatory requirements, etc..). Art. 25 provides an opportunity to bring the perpetrators to administrative, civil or criminal liability.

Preventive measures or a warning - a kind of administrative penalties, they used state inspectors State Standard. Along with this action item. 170 of the RSFSR Code of Administrative Offences, which establishes fines or warnings against those responsible for the violations committed by officials. The fine for this article is defined adopted in 1995, the new Federal Law "On amendments and additions to the Laws of the Russian Federation in connection with the adoption of the Law" On Standardization "," On ensuring the unity of measurements "," On the certification of products and services " . The law substantially increases the administrative responsibility for violation of metrological rules and norms, which are governed by the Code. The innovations in the Code are as follows.

A new edition of Art. 170 of the Code, "Violation of the mandatory requirements of state standards, rules of mandatory certification, the violation of regulatory requirements to ensure traceability," which

It provides for responsibility for any violation of regulatory requirements to ensure traceability. This dramatically increased the size of the fine imposed, the lower limit of which varies depending on assumptions offense from five to one hundred times the minimum wage. Thus, the violation by officials or citizens registered as individual entrepreneurs, the rules of verification of measuring instruments certified measurement procedures, requirements of standards set measurement units or metrological rules and norms in trade, as well as the release, sale, distribution and use of funds measurement types are not approved or the use of unverified measuring instruments punishable by a fine of five to one hundred times the minimum wage. Failure to comply with the deadline officials or citizens registered as individual entrepreneurs, regulations state inspectors on supervision of state standards and ensure traceability punishable by a fine of fifty to one hundred times the minimum wage. Implementation of activities in manufacturing, repair, sale and rental of measuring devices without a license punishable by a fine of thirty to one hundred times the minimum wage.

In contrast to the pre-existing order, according to which state inspectors of the State Standard of Russia in the identification provided by the Code of administrative offenses have the right only to draw up reports on violations, and the decision on imposition of penalty could only be taken by the administrative commissions at the local executive bodies, the new law of the right of State Standard of Russia significantly expanded. The Code is supplemented by a new article stipulating that "bodies of the Russian Federation Committee on Standardization, Metrology and Certification consider cases on administrative offenses provided for by Art. 170 of this Code." It was found that hear cases of administrative offenses and impose administrative sanctions on behalf of the State Standard of the right:

• chief state inspector of the Russian Federation on supervision of state standards and ensuring uniformity of measurements;

• chief state inspector of the republics within the Russian Federation, territories, regions, autonomous regions, autonomous regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg to oversee the state standards and ensuring the uniformity of measurements.

The new law also expanded the range of persons who can be brought to administrative responsibility for violation of metrological rules and norms. In contrast to the pre-existing order, according to which the administrative penalties for such violations may be imposed only for the officials responsible for the infringement, now provides the opportunity to bring to justice and citizens registered as individual entrepreneurs.

All other matters arising from the excitation and cases of administrative responsibility for violation of metrological rules and norms, Therefore

still hesitant based on the relevant articles of the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, taking into account the specific circumstances of the case.

Administrative penalties under Art. 170 of the Code of the Russian Federation may be used by state inspectors of Russian State Standard in conjunction with the measures established in the event of violations of metrological rules and norms of the Law "On ensuring the unity of measurements" (for example, prohibition of unsuitable means of measurements with simultaneous imposition of a fine on the guilty person).

Civil liability arises in situations where as a result of infringements of metrological rules and norms of legal entities or individuals caused to property or personal damage. The damage shall be compensated at the suit of the victim on the basis of the relevant acts of the civil legislation.

Criminal proceedings violators metrological requirements involved in cases where there are signs of a crime under the Criminal Code. These may include: negligence, violation of the rules of metrology, issue or sale of goods (services) that do not meet safety requirements. A criminal case may be initiated by the initiative of the Russian State Standard of state supervision in the relevant results of the inspections.

Disciplinary liability for infringement of metrological rules and norms determined by the decision of the administration of the enterprise (organization) on the basis of the Labour Code.

It should be noted that the involvement of any of these types of liability excludes the possibility of involvement of the same people to other kinds of legal liability. With regard to sanctions under the Labor Code, the Criminal Code and the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation, the Art. 20 of the Law "On ensuring the unity of measurements" suggests the possibility of simultaneous use.

Scope ofthe state metrological supervision.

METROLOGICAL SUPERVISION – supervision and checks of persons, which:

use units of measurement;

manufacture, import, repair, verify or use measuring instruments;

manufacture, import or offer for sale prepackages and/or packages used for measuring the volumes of enclosed in them liquids (bottles).

MARKET SURVEILLANCE OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS;

AUTHORIZATION OF PERSONS FOR VERIFICATION OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS;

REGISTRATION AND CONTROL OF PERSONS WHICH CARRY OUT INSTALATION, INSPECTION AND/OR REPAIR OF TACHOGRAPHS.

APPROVAL OF IDENTIFICATION MARKS OF BOTTLE’S PRODUCERS AND IMPORTERS

What are thepriorities of theservicesof state supervision.

Supervision over unity of measuring instruments and implementation of their communication with standards exists since in the state uniform measures were established. All complex of works connected with maintenance of standards in working order and ensuring unity of measurements, carries out Committee on standardization, metrology and certification of the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK Gosstandart).

Now not on all productions there are metrological services as these services are created in necessary cases. Therefore works on metrological providing if they are also carried out, are carried out by the separate, not always connected among themselves divisions. Such situation does not promote successful work as work on metrological providing directly at the enterprises has to have a certain unity and only in a uniform complex brings benefit.

Algorithm ofauditforcompliance withstandards ofthe Republic of Kazakhstan.

1. Public accountant activity and her normatively-legal adjusting are in РК.

2.Review of normatively-legal acts, regulative activity of audit in РК (Civil code, Criminal code, Internal revenue code, Law on public accountant activity).

3.Functions of public organs and public organizations, regulative public accountant activity.

4.Attestation and licensing of public accountant activity.

5.International standards of audit and their description.

6.Standards of audit in Republics of Kazakhstan.

7.Code of professional ethics of public accountants.

Analysis of themeasurementsand the development ofintegrated programsof metrological support.

The constant analysis is a main type of the works relating to metrological providing as the manufacturer has to know always, with what reliability values of parameters of the made nanometers of products come to light. Work this multidimensional, the purpose uniform - to provide the necessary accuracy and productivity of measurements, and types of works are various.

In the course of the analysis it is necessary to be convinced that all normalized indicators of accuracy can be measured by the means which are available at this enterprise. It is necessary to pay attention that at the enterprise there has to be a possibility of measurement, but ensuring measurement of the normalized accuracy indicators actually is optional. The majority of requirements to the accuracy of the made details can be fulfilled at technological support, i.e. if the accuracy of technological process has a stock in comparison with the normalized accuracy. If such stock in any parameter is, there is no need to measure all made details in this parameter. But opportunity to measure these parameters at production all the same has to be as there can be a need for these measurements.

In the analysis it is necessary to pay attention to sufficiency and need of the measured parameters. Still it is possible to meet the facts when requirements considerably duplicating each other are imposed and are even worse - the strict requirements which are not characterizing operational properties of object of measurements.

Production sites where the considerable volume of measuring operations where measurements influence productivity of production or are labor-consuming have to be exposed to the analysis. In all cases it is necessary to reveal possibility of automation of process of measurements, including measurements in processing.

The most important analysis stage of level of metrological providing is the assessment of errors of measurements.

Rights and obligations ofprofessionals responsible formetrological examination.

Quality of measurements on the graduated scales

Quality of single measurement

Uncertainty of the amendment.Uncertainty of value of the measured size.Indicators of quality of single measurement - accuracy and correctness.

Quality of repeated measurement

Uncertainty of counting.Uncertainty of the indication.Uncertainty of the amendment.Uncertainty of value of the measured size.Indicators of quality of repeated measurement - accuracy and correctness - at ravnotochny and neravnotochny values of counting.

the raduirovka of measuring instruments (German graduiren — to graduate, lat. gradus — a step, a step, degree) — metrological operation by means of which a gage (a measure or the measuring device) supply with a scale or the calibration table (curve). Marks of a scale should to correspond with demanded accuracy to values of the measured size, and the table (curve) with demanded accuracy to reflect effect communication in a device exit with the size brought to an entrance (for example, dependence of EDS of the thermocouple of a pyrometer on temperature of her worker spy).

Graduation is made by means of more exact, than graduated, measuring instruments according to which indications establish the valid values of the measured size. Exact measuring instruments are graduated individually, less exact are supplied with the standard scale printed in advance, or the standard table (curve) graduation. Application of standard scales or the standard graduated tables demands sometimes adjustment of measuring instruments for the purpose of finishing of their errors to established by norms.

Analysis of themeasurements in theresearch and designorganizations.Measurement procedure. Methods andmeans of measurement.Usefulinformationabout the propertiesof substances andmaterials.

The metrological providing (MP) is understood as establishment and application of the scientific and organizational bases, technical means, rules and norms necessary for achievement of unity and the demanded accuracy measurement. The main tendency in development of metrological providing is transition from the existing earlier rather narrow problem of ensuring unity and the demanded accuracy of measurements to essentially new problem of ensuring quality of measurements.

Quality of measurements concept wider, than accuracy of measurements. It characterizes set of the SI properties providing in due time results of measurements with demanded by the accuracy (the size of the allowed errors), reliability, correctness, convergence and reproducibility.

The concept "metrological providing"is applied, as a rule, in relation to measurements (test, control) in general. At the same time allow use of the term "metrological ensuring technological process (production, organization)", meaning at this MO of measurements (tests or control) in this process, production, the organization.

Object of metrological providing are all stages of the life cycle (LC) of a product (production) or service. ZhTs is understood as set of the consecutive interconnected processes of creation and change of a condition of production from a formulation of initial requirements to it before the end of operation or consumption.

So, at a stage of development of production the choice of controlled parameters, norms of accuracy, admissions, gages, control and test is made for quality achievement of a product. Also metrological examination of design and technological documentation is carried out.

When developing metrological providing it is necessary to use system approach which essence consists in consideration of the specified providing as sets of the interconnected processes united by one purpose achievement of the demanded quality of measurements.

Such processes are: • establishment of the rational nomenclature of the measured parameters and optimum norms of accuracy of measurements at quality control of production and management of processes; • feasibility study and choice of SI, tests and control and establishment of their rational nomenclature; • standardization, unification and an aggregation of the used control and measuring equipment; • development, introduction and certification of modern techniques of performance of measurement, tests and control (MVI); • checking, metrological certification and calibration of the control and measuring and test equipment (KIO) applied at the enterprise; • control of production, a state, application and repair of KIO, and also of observance of metrological rules and norms at the enterprise; • participation in development and deployment of standards of the enterprise; • introduction of the international, state and industry standards, and also other normative documents of Gosstandart; • carrying out metrological examination of drafts of standard, design and technological documentation; • carrying out the analysis of a condition of measurements, development on its basis and implementation of actions for improvement of MO; • training of employees of the relevant services and divisions of the enterprise for performance of control and measuring operations.

Metrological providing has four bases: scientific, organizational, standard and technical. Separate aspects of MO are considered in the recommendation of MI 2500-98 about metrological providing small enterprises. Development and carrying out actions of MO it is assigned to the metrological services (MS). Metrological service - the service created according to the legislation for performance of work on ensuring unity of measurements and implementation of metrological control and supervision

Developmentof metrological assuranceprogramsbased on theresults of the analysis. Sector programs.

Programs metrological assurance are designed to put into practice the use of new legal norms established by law "of the Russian Federation" On uniformity of measurements ", as well as ensuring the unity and the required accuracy of measurements during the certification testing of products, under the control of the state of the environment and control conditions labor, ensure product competitiveness and profitability of its manufacturing enterprises are distinct sectors of the economy of joint stock companies, corporations, associations,

(hereinafter referred to enterprises and organizations), irrespective of their departmental affiliation and forms of ownership.

12. The programs of metrological software provides a set of scientific and technical activities linked by resources, performers and timing of implementation of the planned works on metrological support (research and development, design, construction), the implementation of which is necessary for solving scientific and technological problems to improve the technical the level and efficiency, energy conservation, with the works related to the protection of public health, while monitoring the state of the environment, etc.

The contents of tasks of metrological support programs depends on the direction of solving problems of metrological support a separate scientific and technical issues, as well as the production of a single type of product,

13. Programs metrological assurance are pre-planning document, and current plans are realized through R & D companies and organizations.

As the program updated: can be supplemented with new works of these can be eliminated jobs, the continuation of work on which programs recognized as inappropriate.

14. A decision on the need to develop programs of metrological provision adopted by the federal executive body or the head of the company, group, association, company or organization. To work for the development of

Programs may involve representatives of other organizations and major consumers,

15. Programs developed metrological maintenance for the entire period required to achieve the ultimate goals with the release of benchmarks and indicators for the planning year

16. Financing for the development and implementation of metrological support sectors of the economy by the decision of the federal bodies of executive power may be out of the federal budget and centralized funds of ministries and agencies.

Funding for the program of metrological provision of joint stock companies, corporations, enterprises at the expense of own and borrowed funds of enterprises,

1.7. Programs of metrological support should be linked to federal and state programs (science, technology, innovation, social, environmental), as well as regional programs.

2. PROCEDURE FOR PROGRAMMING

2.1. Development of programs of metrological provision is based on the generalization of the results of the analysis of the measurement, control and testing in the enterprise, organization, association.

2.2. Analysis of measurement, control and testing companies and organizations can be carried out by the method described in Recommendation MI 2240-92 or other documents based on it,

2.3. Programs metrological maintenance should usually include sections designed to:

creation and introduction of new means of measuring, testing and monitoring, including special measuring instruments and control, automated test equipment, including a built-in technical equipment necessary for the creation and implementation of new technology, control and automation of technological processes, the intensification automated systems in the board process, quality control and its testing, including certification, as well as incoming inspection of raw materials and components used in the manufacture of the final product (Section program O1);

carrying out research work on the development, revision, unification and certification methods for measuring and testing the basic parameters of technological processes, raw materials, semi-finished and finished products, including methods of chemical analysis, metallographic, non-destructive techniques used in the certification tests products (section 02 of the program);

the development and revision (if necessary) of ND on test methods and measurement techniques, testing and quality control of the final product, raw materials and components in order to introduce progressive methods and means to ensure the required accuracy of measurement, inspection and testing, including standardization of methods based on the results of the certification (section 03 of the program);

development, organization of production and the introduction of missing standards, high-performance means of calibration, certified reference materials of composition and properties of the substance of materials needed for the calibration and calibration of measuring instruments, control tests for the certification of the procedures used for measuring, monitoring, testing, and for metrological assurance of product testing subject to compulsory certification (Section 04 of the program);

development of new types of work for calibration of measuring instruments, the expansion of the scope of works of repair of measuring equipment necessary standards (section 05 of the program);

implementation of research projects to develop new methods of measurement, control, testing (section 06 of the program);

implementation of research projects, development of organizational and technical measures aimed at improving the organization and efficiency of the metrological services of enterprises (section 07 of the program), including:

-Development of regulations in the field of metrological provision aimed at the introduction of the main provisions of the Law "On ensuring the unity of measurements";

-Development and implementation of methods of calibration of measuring instruments;

-meropriyaty on the organization of verification of measuring instruments used in the field of state metrological control and supervision and secured checking;

-providing the needs of fishery products in the reference data on the properties of substances and materials;

-meropriyatiya to prepare for accreditation of metrological services for technical competence, accreditation of testing and analytical laboratories (centers):

-meropriyatiya measurement assurance certification of products and services to the mutual recognition of the results of measurements (test, control assays) including on the international level.

2.4. The program, do not include all sections, and only needed on the results of the analysis of the measurement, control and testing in the industry or enterprise in the organization.

By decision of the developers of the program it may be represented by other sections containing the task to perform activities and events on metrological support industries, enterprises, organizations, scientific and technical problems

2.5. Sections 01-07 of the program develop the form set out in Annex 1.

2.6 In each of the sections and tasks of the program indicate the responsible companies and organizations - works of artists, companies and organizations - customers, work deadlines, expected sources of financing, the total cost is made for the coming year, including capex.

2.7. For metrological maintenance program must be accompanied by an explanatory note.

The explanatory memorandum states; the purpose of program development; scientific and technical rationale for the program in the form of a summary of the analysis and proposals for improvement of metrology software, note the novelty of the proposed program of scientific and technical solutions; the expected stages and terms of practical application of the results expected for the industry.

Whenit can be concludedthatthe companyprovidestraceability.

Traceability is the ability to verify the history, location, or application of an item by means of documented recorded identification.^[1]

Other common definitions include the capability (and implementation) of keeping track of a given set or type of information to a given degree, or the ability to chronologically interrelate uniquely identifiable entities in a way that is verifiable.

In software development; the term traceability (or Requirements Traceability) refers to the ability to link product requirements back to stakeholders' rationales and forward to corresponding design artifacts, code, and test cases. Traceability supports numerous software engineering activities such as change impact analysis, compliance verification or traceback of code, regression test selection, and requirements validation. It is usually accomplished in the form of a matrix created for the verification and validation of the project. Unfortunately the practice of constructing and maintaining a requirements trace matrix (RTM) can be very arduous and over time the traces tend to erode into an inaccurate state unless date/time stamped. Alternate automated approaches for generating traces using information retrieval methods have been developed.

In transaction processing software, traceability implies use of a unique piece of data (e.g., order date/time or a serialized sequence number) which can be traced through the entire software flow of all relevant application programs. Messages and files at any point in the system can then be audited for correctness and completeness, using the traceability key to find the particular transaction. This is also sometimes referred to as the transaction footprint.

Analysis of themeasurements in theindustries.

A measurement systems analysis (MSA) is a specially designed experiment that seeks to identify the components of variation in the measurement.

Just as processes that produce a product may vary, the process of obtaining measurements and data may have variation and produce defects. A measurement systems analysis evaluates the test method, measuring instruments, and the entire process of obtaining measurements to ensure the integrity of data used for analysis (usually quality analysis) and to understand the implications of measurement error for decisions made about a product or process. MSA is an important element of Six Sigma methodology and of otherquality management systems.

MSA analyzes the collection of equipment, operations, procedures, software and personnel that affects the assignment of a number to a measurement characteristic. (US Department of Agriculture,pp45)

A measurement systems analysis considers the following:

Selecting the correct measurement and approach

Assessing the measuring device

Assessing procedures and operators

Assessing any measurement interactions

Calculating the measurement uncertainty of individual measurement devices and/or measurement systems

Physical quantities.

A physical quantity (or "physical magnitude") is a physical property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, that can be quantified by measurement.^[1] A physical quantity can be expressed as the combination of a number – usually a real number – and a unit or combination of units; for example, 1.6749275×10⁻²⁷ kg (the mass of the neutron), or299792458 metres per second (the speed of light).

Theme 2

Units of physical quantities GOST 8 417.

In physics and technique едини́цы измере́ния (едини́цыфизи́ческих величи́н, едини́цы величи́н[1]) used for thestandartized presentation of results of measuring. Use ofterm unit conflicts with normative documents[2] and torecommendations of metrology editions[3], however he iswidely used in scientific literature[4]. The numeral value ofphysical size appears as attitude of the measured valuetoward some standard value that is unit. A number withpointing of unit is named named. Distinguish basic and derivative units. Basic units in thissystem of units are set for those physical sizes that is chosenas basic in the corresponding system physical sizes. So, theInternational system of units (SI) is based on the Internationalsystem of sizes (eng of International System of Quantities,ISQ), in that basic are seven sizes, : length, mass, time,electric current,thermodynamics temperature, amount of substance andcandle-power. Accordingly, in SI basic units are units of theindicated sizes. The sizes of basic units are set on an agreement within theframework of the corresponding system of units and fixedeither by means of standards (prototypes) or by fixing ofnumeral values fundamental physical permanent. Derivative units are determined through basic by the use ofthose connections between physical sizes that is set in thesystem of physical sizes. There is plenty of the different systems of units, thatdifferentiate both the systems of sizes on that they are basedand choice of basic units. The state, as a rule, legislatively sets some system of units aspreferable or obligatory for the use in a country. In RussianFederation in accordance with the decision of Governmentunits of sizes of the system SI are used[2].Метрология continuously works on the improvement of unitsand basic units and standards.

The International System of Units.

Mass, force and weight For a discussion of the treatment of these and related quantities in SI, see note (1) Table 2-1. Temperature The SI unit of thermodynamic temperature is the kelvin (K). Use this unit to express thermodynamic temperature and temperature intervals. Wide use is also made of the degree Celsius (o C), which is equal to the unit kelvin; it is a special name for expressing Celsius temperature and temperature intervals. Celsius temperature t (which replace centigrade temperature) is related to thermodynamic temperature T by the equation t = T – To, where To = 273.15 K by definition. In practice, the International Temperature Scale of 1990(ITS-90) serves as the basis for high-accuracy temperature measurements in science and technology. Nominal dimensions Many dimensions used to identify commercial products are nominal values – values like “2 by 4” lumber and one-inch pipe that exist in name only and are used for the purpose of convenient designation. Others, like the inch-based trade sizes of nuts and bolts, designate one of the critical dimensions of the product. Although individuals should not convert such designations into SI units, trade associations and other organizations that are responsible for standardizing such products may adopt, without changing the product, nominal metric designations as deemed appropriate. Quantities and units used in rotational machines Angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration The coherent SI unit of plane angle is the number one; thus the SI units of the quantities of angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration are, respectively, 1, 1/s, and 1/s2 . However, it is often convenient to use the special name “radian” (rad), instead of the number 1 when expressing the values of these quantities. Thus, for clarity, the unit rad, rad/s, and rad/s2 are usually used, as shown in Table 6. Similar comments apply to solid angle; its coherent SI unit is also the number 1, which has the special name “steradian” (sr). Moment of force (bending moment) Because moment of force (bending moment) and torque are equal to a force times a distance (moment arm or lever arm), their SI unit is N•m. The joule (J = N•m), which is a special name for the SI unit of energy and work, shall not be used as a name for the unit of moment of force or of torque. Moment of inertia This quantity (Ι ) is a property of the mass distribution of a body about an axis (Ι = ∑m•r 2 ); its SI unit is kg•m2 . Angular momentum Angular momentum (moment of momentum) is linear momentum (SI unit kg•m/s) times moment arm; its SI unit is kg•m2 /s. The total angular momentum of a body of moment of inertia Ι (SI unit kg•m2 ) rotating with angular velocity ω (SI unit 1/s) is Ι•ω (SI unit kg•m2 /s). Kinetic energy The kinetic energy of a body of moment of inertia Ι (SI unit kg•m2 ) rotating with angular velocity ω (SI unit 1/s) is Ι•ω2 /2; its SI unit is joule. Work The work done by a moment of force or by a torque (SI unit N•m) in a rotation through an angle (SI unit 1) is moment of force or torque times angle of rotation; its SI unit is joule. Note that if the unit of rotational work is written as N•m rather than as J, possible confusion may occur because in its form it appears identical to the unit of moment of force or torque. In vector algebraic expressions or vector diagrams, the distinction between work and moment of force or torque is obvious because work is the scalar product of force and displacement while moment of force or torque involves the vector product of force and moment arm, but no such distinction is possible in the associated units. Impact energy absorption This quantity, often incorrectly called “impact resistance” or “impact strength”, is measured in terms of work required to break a standard specimen; the SI unit is joule. Editorial guide Introduction The metric system is the international language of measurement. Its symbols are identical in all languages. Just as the English language is governed by rules of spelling, punctuation and pronunciation, so is the language of measurement. Uniformity of usage facilitates comprehension and leads to clarity in communications. This Editorial guide is a recommended practice intended to serve as a guide to accepted and consistent USA usage of the metric system, and does not constitute a standard. Rules for writing SI unit symbols Recommended use of SI units with names and symbols are shown in Table 2-1 and prefixes in Table 2-2. Symbols. The short form for metric units and prefixes are called symbols. The first letter of a symbol is capitalized when the name of the unit is derived from the name of a person. Other symbols are generally lower case*. Examples: Unit Name Symbol meter m liter L* kilogram kg newton N pascal Pa *In 1979. the CGPM approved “L” and “l” as alternative symbols for liter. Since the letter symbol “l” can easily be confused with the numeral “1”, the symbol “L” is recommended for USA use. Any use of the script “ell” as a symbol for liter is deprecated. 1. Print unit symbols in upright type regardless of the typestyle used in the surrounding text. Italic letters are reserved for quantity symbols, such as A for area, m for mass, g for gravity acceleration and t for time. In typewriting or longhand, underlining may be used as a substitute for italics. 2. Do not alter unit symbols in the plural. Examples: 1 m, 100 m. Plural name usage. Names of units may be plural for numeric values greater than 1, equal to 0 or less than -1. All other values take only the singular form of the unit name. Examples: 100 meters, 1.1 meters, 0 degrees Celsius, -4 degrees Celsius or 1.1 meter, 0 degree Celsius, 0.5 meter, ½ liter, -0.2 degree Celsius, -1 degree Celsius. 3. Do not follow unit symbols by a period except when used at the end of a sentence. Examples: When you add 15 g of salt … The length of the field is 350 m. 4. Write letter unit symbols in lowercase (e.g., cd) unless the unit name has been derived from a proper name, in which case the first letter of the symbol is capitalized (e.g., W, Pa). The exception is the symbol for liter, L. Prefix symbols use either lowercase or uppercase letters as shown in Table 2-7. The importance of precise use of capital and lowercase letters is shown by the following examples. Examples: G stands for giga; g for gram K for kelvin; k for kilo M for mega; m for milli N for newton; n for nano Names of units and prefixes are not capitalized except at the beginning of a sentence and in those titles, headings and other instances in which all main words are capitalized. Example: Meter is the unit used for some Olympic events. Force is measured in newtons. Note: In “degree Celsius”, “degree” is lower case and “Celsius” is capitalized; “degree centigrade” is obsolete. Unit symbols retain their prescribed form regardless of the surrounding typography. 5. If the value of a quantity is expressed as a numerical value and a unit symbol, a space shall be left between them. For example, write 35 mm, not 35mm, 2.37 lm (for 2.37 lumens), not 2.37lm, and 20 o C, not 20o C. EXCEPTION – No space is left between the number and the symbol for degree, minute, and second of plain angle. 6. Do not leave any space between the prefix and unit symbols. 7. Use symbols, not abbreviations, for units. For example, use “A”, and not “amp”, for ampere.

Multiples and submultiples. Rules for writing names and designations.

Reproduction units of physical quantities.

In physics and engineering units (units of physical quantities, the unit value [1]) are used for the standardized presentation of results. Use of the term unit is contrary to regulations [2] and the recommendations of the metrological publications [3], but it is widely used in the scientific literature [4]. The numerical value of a physical quantity is represented as a ratio of the measured values ​​to a certain standard value, which is the unit of measurement. The number indicating the unit of measurement is called named.

There are basic and derived units. Basic units in the system of units specified for the physical quantities that are selected as the main system in the appropriate physical quantities. Thus, the International System of Units (SI) is based on the International System of units (eng. International System of Quantities, ISQ), which are the seven basic quantities length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. Accordingly, in SI units are the basic units of these quantities.

Dimensions of basic units are set by agreement in the framework of an appropriate system of units and fixed either by using standards (prototypes) or by fixing the numerical values ​​of the fundamental physical constants.

Derived units are defined through the main through the use of the links between the physical quantities that are installed in the system of physical quantities.

There are many different systems of units that differ both systems the quantities on which they are based, and one for the basic units.

The state, as a rule, the law establishes any system of units as the preferred or obligatory for the country. In the Russian Federation in accordance with the decision of the Government applied quantities SI units [2]. Metrology is continuously working to improve the units and base units and standards.

Conventions used in the basic units of measurements.

Basic units of the International System of Units (SI) - the seven basic units of the International System variables (fr. International Système de grandeurs, English. International System of Quantities, ISQ), adopted by the General Conference on Weights and Measures. The basic values ​​of the International system values ​​are length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. Units for them - the basic SI units - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela, respectively [1] [2].

Full official description of the SI base units and SI as a whole, together with its interpretation contained in the current edition of SI Brochure (fr. Brochure SI, Eng. The SI Brochure), and in addition thereto, published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) and on the site of the BIPM [1] [3].

The rest of the SI units are derived and formed from the core by means of equations connecting with each other physical quantities of the International System units.

The basic unit can be used for the derivative of the same dimension. For example, rainfall is determined by dividing the volume of the square and in the SI expressed in meters. In this case the meter is used as a coherent unit derivative [2] [4].

The names and symbols of all SI units are written in small letters (for example, the meter and its symbol m). This rule has an exception: represent units, said names of scientists, written with a capital letter (for example, the ampere is denoted by A).

Most Common Units, such as, for example, a ton an hour, and a liter of electron volts, are not part of the SI, but they are "allowed to use SI units on a par with" [5].

Classification of standards

International Classification for Standards (ICS) is an international classification system for technical standards. It is designed to cover every economic sector and virtually every activity of the humankind where technical standards may be used.

Developed and maintained by the International Organization for Standardization, the ICS is intended to be a continuous work in progress and is updated when necessary. The latest edition of the ICS can be downloaded free of charge from the ISO web site.

Anyone may submit a proposal for modifications or additions to the ICS.

Measurement of physical quantities. Types of measurements. Methods of measurement.

Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events.^[1][2] The scope and application of a measurement is dependent on the context and discipline. In the natural sciences and engineering, measurements do not apply to nominal properties of objects or events, which is consistent with the guidelines of the International vocabulary of metrology published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.^[2] However, in other fields such asstatistics as well as the social and behavioral sciences, measurements can have multiple levels, which would include nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.^[1][3]

Measurement is a cornerstone of trade, science, technology, and quantitative research in many disciplines. Historically, many measurement systems existed for the varied fields of human existence to facilitate comparisons in these fields. Often these were achieved by local agreements between trading partners or collaborators. Since the 18th century, developments progressed towards unifying, widely accepted standards that resulted in the modern International System of Units (SI). This system reduces all physical measurements to a mathematical combination of seven base units. The science of measurement is pursued in the field of metrology.

The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI from the French language name Système International d'Unités) is the modern revision of the metric system. It is the world's most widely used system of units, both in everyday commerce and in science. The SI was developed in 1960 from the metre-kilogram-second (MKS) system, rather than the centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system, which, in turn, had many variants. During its development the SI also introduced several newly named units that were previously not a part of the metric system. The original SI units for the seven basic physical quantities were:^[7]

The mole was subsequently added to this list and the degree Kelvin renamed the kelvin.

There are two types of SI units, base units and derived units. Base units are the simple measurements for time, length, mass, temperature, amount of substance, electric current and light intensity. Derived units are constructed from the base units, for example, the Watt, i.e. the unit for power, is defined from the base units as m²·kg·s⁻³. Other physical properties may be measured in compound units, such as material density, measured in kg/m³.

The measurement errors. Methods of detection, evaluation and expression.

Measurement error in education generally refers to either (1) the difference between what a test score indicates and a student’s actual knowledge and abilities or (2) errors that are introduced when collecting and calculating data-based reports, figures, and statistics related to schools and students.

Because some degree of measurement error is inevitable in testing and data reporting, education researchers, statisticians, data professionals, and test developers often publicly acknowledge that performance data, such as high school graduation rates or college-enrollment rates, are not perfectly reliable (they may even report the “margin of error” for a given statistic or finding) or that test scores don’t always accurately reflect what students know or can do—i.e., that there is no such thing as a perfectly reliable test of student knowledge and skill acquisition.

The distribution of random variables.

You can imagine the distribution of the random variable as the correspondence between the sets and probabilities.

Distributed random variables are the main objects of study in the theory of probability. We will not, as a rule, be interested in any of the set function operates and how it compares its basic outcome possible values. We often are interested in it, on the set of probabilities which these values ​​are taken. Here are some examples of completely different random variables having the same distribution (equally distributed).

Example.

1. Once the correct coin thrown. The space consists of two elementary events - coat and tails. As algebra consider the set of all subsets. Chance ask in the classical scheme. We define two random variables and so: set

= 1 if = coat of arms, and = 0 if = tails;

= 0 if = coat of arms, and = 1 if = tails.

Obviously, for any set of probability and belong to the same. Nevertheless for none of elementary events and the values ​​do not coincide. Those. and identically distributed, but not the same (as a function).

2. The point at random strikes on the interval [0, 1]. In this case, it is the interval [0, 1] with the sigma-algebra of Borel sets and Lebesgue measure. I suggest to the reader to verify that two very different functions: and (the distance from the falling point of the left and from the right end of the segment, respectively) have the same probability to accept the values ​​in any Borel sets (probability equal to Lebesgue intersection of sets and [0, 1]). Thus, these random variables identically distributed again, but not the same: their values ​​are the same only at an elementary outcome = 0.5 (and to draw graphs of functions).

3. At the same interval [0, 1], we construct two functions: = 0 for all; = 0 for all but = 0.5, and a set point = 0.5 = -17.

Since Lebesgue point (it - probability) is zero, the distribution of values ​​and the same. Now and again they do not coincide as a function, but differ in their values ​​only on a set of probability zero (only at 0.5). In this case we say that the same "almost certainly":.

We describe the different types of distributions of random variables. All probability mass can be concentrated in a few points of the line can be "smeared" over some interval or the entire line. Depending on the type of the set on which focuses the entire unit probability mass distribution is divided into discrete, absolutely continuous, singular, and mixtures thereof.

Define the terms: a physical quantity measuring device, nonstandard means of measurement, reproducibility of measurements, the reproducibility of the measurement results, the uncertainty of measurement results.

Non-standard means of measurement (NOT). The procedure for metrological maintenance operation of nonstandard means of measurable-rhenium, which also applies to:

imported from overseas single specimens;

single copies of serial measuring instruments, different from those for which they are normalized metrological characterized-tics;

commercially available samples, in which the design and construction changes that affect their metrological characteristics.

Non-standard can be both workers and exemplary means of measurements.

Repeatability (Eng. Reproducibility) - description of the test results, determine the mutual closeness of the results of the retests object [1].

The reproducibility of the measurement results (Eng. Reproducibility of measurement) - the proximity of the measurement results of the same magnitude, obtained in different places in different ways, by different means, different operators, at different times, but reduced to the same measurement conditions (temperature, pressure, humidity and others.).

Uncorrected result of the measurement (Eng. Uncorrected result) - the value obtained in the measurement to the introduction of a correction, take account of systematic errors.

Classification of measurement standards and their purpose.

Etalon (Eng. Measurement standard, etalon, fr. Étalon) - a measuring instrument (or a set of measuring instruments), provides reproduction and (or) storage units, as well as the transfer of its size downstream of the calibration circuit measuring and approved as a benchmark in setting order.

Types of standards

Primary standard - a standard that reproduces the physical units with the highest accuracy possible in this area measuring up to date scientific and technical achievements. Primary standard may be national (state) and international.

Secondary standard - a standard that receives the size of the unit directly from the primary standard of the unit.

The standard of comparison - the standard used for comparisons of measurement standards, which for one reason or another can not be directly collate with each other.

Reference standard - the standard of the highest metrological characteristics (in the laboratory, the organization, the company), which is transmitted from the subordinate unit size standards and the existing measuring instruments.

Working standard - the standard for the transmission unit size to working measuring instruments.

State primary standard - primary standard, recognized by decision of the authorized state body as a source in the State.

International standard - a standard adopted by an international agreement as the international framework for the harmonization of units to him, reproduced and stored by national standards.

What are the methods of measurement.

The technique or process used to obtain data describing the factors of a process or the quality of the output of the process. Measurement methods must be documented as part of a Six Sigma project or other process improvement initiative, in order to ensure that measurements of improvements to a process are accurate. What are the basic units of the physical quantities used in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

On the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the use of allowed physical units International System of Units and other units authorized state agency for standardization, metrology and certification, as well as physical units, provided the contract for export and import products.

Methods of measurement (MM). The procedure for the development, validation and application of measurement methods.

It is expected to regulate the MVI measurement procedure in a separate document. Typical requirements specified in the TOR for the MVI measurement procedure given in GOST 8.563-96. These include the following:

appointment MVI measurement procedure, from which you can set the use of methods for measuring the MVI in the distribution GMKN;

measurement range;

characteristics measurement accuracy;

measuring characteristics of an object (e.g., fluid temperature, pressure, or the rate of which is measured);

measurement conditions (temperature, humidity, ambient pressure, the characteristics of the power source SI, the presence of external electromagnetic fields, vibration in installation sites SI et al.);

Indication type and form of recording the results of measurements;

requirements for automation of measurement procedures;

requirements to ensure the safety of work;

Other requirements in accordance with the specific measurement procedure MVI.

Level 3

Theme 1