6. Unity and accuracy. The possibility of using the results of measurements for the proper and efficient measurement tasks.

Traceability - a condition of measurements at which their results are expressed in allowed for use in the Republic of Kazakhstan, unit value, and performance measurement accuracy are within the established boundaries. [1]

Traceability is necessary in order to be able to compare the results of measurements made at different places and at different times, using different methods and tools for measurement.

The definition of "traceability" is quite capacious. It covers the most important tasks of metrology: the unification of units, development of systems of reproduction of units and transfer them to the size of the working measuring instruments installed precision measurements with an error not exceeding the specified limits, etc.. Traceability must be maintained at every measurement accuracy required of the owner.

PRECISION MEASUREMENT is:

characterization of the quality of measurements reflecting the closeness of the results of measurements to the true value of the measured value. The smaller the measurement result deviates from the true value, ie. E. The smaller the error, the higher T.., Regardless of whether the error is systematic, random or contains one and the other components (see. Measurement error). Sometimes in the Kutch-ve quantities. T. and evaluation. indicate an error, but the error - the opposite of precision and logical as an estimate T.. indicate reciprocal attributes. error (without taking into account its sign). Eg., If you treat. error is equal to ± 10-5, then the accuracy is 105.

7 Name the purpose of ensuring the uniformity of measurements

The main objectives of ensuring the uniformity of measurements are:

1) to protect the interests of citizens and the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan from consequences of doubtful results of measurements;

2) ensuring the safety and quality of domestic and imported products, processes (works) and services;

3) ensuring reliable accounting of all kinds of material and energy resources;

4) To ensure reliability of measurements at basic researches and scientific developments;

5) To ensure reliable measurement results in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, control of the security conditions of work and life of people, traffic safety and environmental protection.

8 Name the types of measurements.

There are various kinds of measurements. The classification of types of measurements are made, based on the nature of the measured value depending on the time, the type of equation measurement conditions that determine the accuracy of measurements and ways of expressing the results.

By the nature of the measured value depending on the time of measurement allocate static and dynamic measurements.

Static - a measurement at which the measured value remains constant over time. Such measurements are, for example, measuring the size of the product, the constant pressure, temperature, etc..

Dynamic - a measurement process in which the measured value is changed in time, for example, measuring pressure and temperature in the gas is compressed in the engine cylinder.

By way of the results, determined by the type of measurement equation, is a direct, indirect, cumulative and collaborative dimension.

Direct - a measure under which the desired value of a physical quantity are directly from the experimental data. Direct measurements can be expressed by the formula Q = X, where Q - the desired measured value, and the X - value directly derived from experimental data. Examples of such measurements are measuring the length of a ruler or tape measure, measure the diameter of a micrometer or caliper measurement of the angle protractor, measuring temperature with a thermometer, etc.

Indirect - a measure, under which the value is determined based on the known relationship between the desired value and values, the values ​​of which are direct measurements. Thus, the measured value is calculated according to the formula Q = F (x1, x2 ... xN), where Q - the required measured value; F - known functional relationship, x1, x2, ..., xN - the values ​​obtained by direct measurements. Examples of indirect measurements: determination of the volume of the body from direct measurements of its geometric dimensions, finding a specific electrical resistance of the conductor in his resistance, length and cross-sectional area, measuring the average diameter of the thread by three wires, etc. Indirect measurements are widespread in cases where the desired value is impossible or very difficult to quantify by direct measurement. There are cases when the value can only be measured indirectly by, for example, or the intra-size astronomical order.

Total - these measurements in which the measured values ​​determined by the results of the repeated measurements of one or more variables of the same name with different combinations of these measures or values. The value of the unknown quantities determine the solution of the system, compiled by the results of several direct measurements. An example of measurement is to determine the total weight of the individual set of weights, ie, to calibrate on a known mass of one of them and the results of direct measurements and comparing the masses of different combinations of weights. Consider an example of measurement of total, which consists in carrying out the calibration weights, consisting of a mass of the weights 1, 2, 2 *, 5, 10 and 20 kg. A number of weights (except 2 *) is an exemplary mass of different sizes. An asterisk denotes a weight having a value other than the exact value of 2 kg. Calibration consists of determining the mass of each weight Girs one exemplary example for Girs 1 kg. By varying the combination of weights measured. We form the equation, where the figures denote the weight of the individual weights, such is the weight 1obr model weights of 1 kg, then 1 = 1obr + a; 1obr + 1 = 2 + b; 2 = 2 + c; 1 + 2 + 2 = 5 + d, etc. Additional loads that need to be added to the weight of the weights indicated in the right-hand side of the equation or subtract from it to balance the scales, marked a, b, c, d. Solving this system of equations, we can determine the value of the mass of each weight.

Joint - a measurement made at the same time two or more dissimilar values ​​for finding the functional relationship between them. Examples of joint measurements are to determine the length of the rod, depending on its temperature and electrical resistance of the conductor, depending on pressure and temperature.

The scientific basis of metrological support of production. Problems of theoretical metrology. The main objectives

The scientific basis of metrological provision is metrology - the science of measurement, organizational - metro¬logicheskaya Service of Kazakhstan. Technical means include raz¬lichnye system, including standards, transfer from the standard sizes edi¬nits working measuring instruments, standard ob¬raztsov, reference data, and others. The rules and regulations for metrological measurement assurance usta¬novleny the Law of RK "On ensuring the unity of measurements" and regulations of the State of obespeche¬niya uniformity of measurements (ICG). Transition to a market economy, Kazakhstan has defined new conditions for the activities of domestic companies, enterprises and organizations in the field of metrology software. With prinya¬tiem in April 1993 Law "On ensuring the unity iz¬mereny" a new stage of development of metrology, which is characterized by the transition from the administrative control of the principle of metrology to zakonodatelno¬ mu. However, this law allows to maintain the principle gosu¬darstvennogo metrological nature of the case when the degree of harmonization Kazahstanyskoy znachitel¬noy measurement system with international practice. The Act defined the scope of activities in which soblyude¬nie metrological requirements and be sure that raspro¬stranyaetsya state metrological supervision (Art. 13):

 • health care, veterinary medicine, environmental protection, labor safety; • trading and mutual settlements between pokupate¬lem and seller, including operations with the use of gaming machines and devices; • State accounting operations; • providing defense of the state; • geodetic and hydrometeorological works; • banking, tax, customs and postal opera¬tsii; • Production of products supplied under the contracts for public use in accordance with zakonodatel¬stvom Kazakhstan; • Test "; quality control in order to opre¬deleniya compliance with the mandatory requirements of the sovereign-governmental standards of the Republic of Kazakhstan; • mandatory certification of products and services; • measurements carried out on the instructions of the court, pro¬kuratury, the arbitration court, state authorities Kazahstanyskoy Republic; • Check national and international records. State control over the unity of the state inspectors carried izmere¬ny rights and obya¬zannosti which are also defined by law. It should be noted that the activities of metrological provision involves not only metrology, ie the person or organization responsible for traceability, but kazh¬dy specialist, either as a consumer quantitative infor¬matsii, the authenticity of which he is interested, or ucha¬stnik process for its preparation and ensure the reliability of iz¬mereny. The current state of metrological support tre¬buet highly qualified specialists. Mechanical pere¬nesenie foreign experience in domestic conditions in nastoya¬schee is impossible, and specialists need to have broad-minded dos¬tatochno to a creative approach to the decision-making on the basis of measuring in¬formatsii. This concerns not only workers proizvodstven¬noy sphere. Knowledge in the field of metrology are important for spetsia¬listov of sales, managers, economists who have to use reliable measuring in¬formatsiyu in their activities.

Theoretical metrology deals with issues of fundamental research, the creation of a system of units, physical constants, development of new methods of measurement. Theoretical metrology solve common scientific problems measurements. [2]

Theoretical metrology deals with issues of fundamental research, the creation of a system of units, physical constants, development of new methods of measurement.

Theoretical metrology solve common scientific problems measurements. [4]

From theoretical metrology known that if the result of the measurement to take the arithmetic average of the n measurements, the accuracy is increased / n times. [5]

The mathematical models of theoretical metrology quantities in the form of sequences used in the construction of algorithms for processing of multiple measurements and the formation of the measurement results from digital SI. [6]

This assumption is used in the theoretical metrology in the evaluation and summation of random error components. [7]

Currently distinguished theoretical metrology, consider the general theoretical problems of measurement, historical metrology, the rate of which is read in the Historical Archives Institute, legal metrology, covers a range of interrelated common rules, regulations and guidelines, as well as other issues that need regulation and supervision of the state, and finally applied metrology dealing with the practical application of methods and means of measurement. [8]

It should be specially noted that the theoretical metrology estimates approximation errors of discrete sequences of measurable functions, prepared according to the best rules, require special studies. However, this work is limited to stating the obvious and sufficiently proven fact that in the approximation theory of discrete sequences of measurable functions to these rules, you can use any set of approximating functions, depending on the requirements of the accuracy of their digital representation. [9]

Several authors allocates derivatives such thing as theoretical metrology, applied (or practical) metrology and general metrology. [10]

The need to form a mathematical metrology as one of the fields of theoretical metrology is determined, first of all, the computerization of science and technology and corresponding development of the so-called information technology, which are defined as standard procedures for obtaining, converting, processing, presentation and storage of information by computer. The use of computer technology requires a complete formalization of object descriptions and procedures. There is need to introduce interconnected mathematical models of objects, processes, tools, and measurement conditions, algorithmic support of the metrological analysis and algorithmic support of metrological synthesis. [eleven]

The concepts of unity and accuracy of the measurements are crucial for the theoretical metrology and metrological practice. [12]

Name the regulatory framework of the state system of measurement.

Works on maintenance of unity of measurements in Russia are carried out on the basis of the Law on the uniformity of measurements. The regulatory framework of the state system of measurement assurance (GSE) - a set of regulations, including national standards and other normative documents defining the procedure for transfer of the measurement units on the whole territory of Russia and the procedure for testing, verification and calibration of measuring instruments. Earlier (topic 8) noted that the traceability - the state of the measuring process in which the results of all measurements are expressed in the same legal units of measurement and evaluation of their accuracy is provided with a guaranteed confidence level. Unfortunately, so far it survived the view that the relatively simple methods of measurement error of the measurement results is almost entirely determined by the errors of measurement. Therefore, to achieve the uniformity of measurements is sufficient to ensure uniformity of measurement, ie, such a state of measurement when they are graduated in legal units of measurement and their metrological characteristics meet the standards.

The main principles for ensuring the uniformity of measurements are:

• Use only the legal units of physical quantities (PV);

• Play PV using the state standards;

• the use of institutionalized means of measurements that have passed state tests, and which transmits the size of the PV units on the state standards;

• mandatory periodic inspection at fixed intervals of the means of performance measurement;

• guarantee of the necessary precision with attorneys of measuring instruments and certified measurement procedures;

• The use of measurement results only if their assessment error with a specified probability;

• systematic monitoring of compliance with metrological rules and norms, State supervision and authority control upon measuring devices.

Traceability is achieved by accurate reproduction, storage of PV units installed and the transfer of all sizes working measuring instruments (RCI) using the standards and reference measuring instruments. The highest link in the chain of transmission of the metrological unit size is the standard. The technical basis of the CIO is the state standard base of Russia. The reference base of Russia consists of the 1176 state primary and special standards.

Currently, a multi-stage procedure for the transfer set size of physical units from the state standard all RCI given physical quantity by means of secondary standards and reference measuring instruments (DCI) of various ranks from the highest to the lowest, and the first from the axis to the RCI. Transmission size calibration is performed by different methods, per se known methods of measurement. Passing through the size of each step is accompanied by a loss of precision, but allows you to save multistage standards and pass all RCI unit size. Standard gauges are known to be used for periodic transmission of units in the process of verification and SI units are operated only in the metrological service. Defining the BID is made in the course of their metrological certification body of the state metrological service. In the same manner a particularly accurate SI made the workers can be certified for a certain period as a model, and the axes that have not passed the regular metrological certification - as workers.

The main tasks of metrological support (MO) are:

• Conduct analysis of measurements, development and implementation of measures to improve the MoD in the enterprise;

• Establishment of a rational nomenclature of the measured parameters and optimal standards of measurement accuracy, application of modern methods of measuring, testing and monitoring;

• implementation of the standards, rules governing the measurement accuracy;

• metrological examination of normative-technical, design and technological documentation;

• checking and metrological certification of measuring instruments (SI);

• control of production, the state, use and repair of SI.

Responsibility for the condition and use of measuring instruments in the enterprises are engineers, exploiting these resources, and on the enterprise (the organization) Head of enterprise (organization).

For playback, storage and transfer of the units of different sizes with the help of special measures, standards in some countries have set up special metrological institutions. In Russia, such an institution was established in 1842 Depot model weights and measures. In 1892, Mendeleev was appointed guardian scientists Depot, which was in 1893 transformed into the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures (at present - the NGO "All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Metrology named after DI Mendeleyev"). A. Mendeleev did a lot for the development of measurement technology. He is one of the first to understand the great importance of metrology for the development of science and technology. Since the founding of the Central Chamber of Weights and Measures Mendeleev identified several areas of research leading to the solution of basic problems of metrology. In 1899 he obtained a government permit for the optional use of the metric system in Russia.

Since the establishment of the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures is the works of Mendeleev started the development of proper national metrology - the science, whose main objective at that time was the creation and storage standards.

Currently Rostechregulirovanie administers:

State service of time, frequency, and determine the parameters of the Earth's rotation (SSTF);

State service of reference materials of composition and properties of substances and materials (SSSS);

State service of standard reference data on physical constants and properties of substances and materials (GSSSD).

Rostechregulirovanie carries out the state metrological control and supervision.

The jurisdiction is Rostechregulirovanie State Metrology Service, which includes the state scientific metrological centers (metrological research institutes) and the bodies of the State metrological service of the constituent territories of the Russian Federation - Regional centers Certification and Metrology (CSM).

The regulatory framework of metrological support. Regulation, principles, rules and regulations. The main objects of standardization.

The importance and responsibility of measurements and measurement information necessitates the establishment by law of the complex legal and regulatory acts and regulations:

1. The constitutional norm on metrology.

2. The laws "On ensuring the unity of measurements" and "On technical regulation.

3. Resolution of the Russian Government on certain issues (areas) metrology.

4. Regulatory documents of Russian State Standard: TR, GOST R, RD, MI, PR, SGP.

5. Recommendations state scientific metrological centers of Russian State Standard.

  All metrology activities in the Russian Federation is based on the constitutional norm that establishes that the federal jurisdiction are standards, standards, metric system and time and establishes a centralized management of the main issues of legal metrology, such as units of PV, standards and related other metrological bases. In furtherance of this constitutional provision adopted laws "On ensuring the unity of measurements" and "On technical regulation", detailing the basics of metrology.

          The main objectives of the Law "On ensuring the unity of measurements" are:

• establishing the legal framework for ensuring the uniformity of measurements in the Russian Federation;

• regulate the relations of state authorities with legal entities and individuals on the manufacture, release, operation, maintenance, sale and import of measuring instruments;

• protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, the rule of law and the Russian economy from the negative consequences of doubtful results of measurements;

• promoting progress through the establishment and implementation of national standards of units of PV;

• harmonization of the Russian system of measurements with the international practice.