§ 9. Attributive appositive clauses.

Attributive appositive clauses disclose the meaning of the antecedent, which is expressed by an abstract noun. An attributive appositive clause is not separated from the principal clause by a comma.

Appositive clauses are chiefly introduced by the conjunction that, occasionally by the conjunction whether or by the adverbs how and why. They are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically.

He stopped in the hope that she would speak. (Dickens)

Thus to Cytherea and Owen Gray the question how their lives would end seemed the deepest of possible enigmas. (Hardy)

§ 10. The use of relative pronouns in attributive relative clauses.

As has already been stated, attributive relative clauses are introduced by the following relative pronouns: who, which, that, as. In using these pronouns the following rules should be observed:

1. If the antecedent is a noun denoting a living being, who is mostly used.

Kate turned to the general, who was near her, his face expressionless, yet alert.

2. If the antecedent is a noun denoting an inanimate object, which is mostly used.

In this room, which was never used, a light was burning.

3. The pronoun that may be used both when the antecedent is a noun denoting a living being and when it is a noun denoting an inanimate object.

But it should be noted that the use of this pronoun in attributive clauses is limited; it is chiefly used in the following cases:

(a) if the antecedent is the pronoun all, everything or nothing.

All that she dreams comes true. (Dickens)

In a word, everything that goes to make life precious, that boy had. (Twain)

(b) if the antecedent is modified by an adjective in the superlative degree, by the adjective only, or by the indefinite pronoun any.

The door opened, and there entered to us, quietly, the most remarkable-looking man that I had ever seen.

The Moonstone was the only object that interested him in the smallest degree.

Any evil that people say of him is false.

N o t e. — In these cases (a, b) the attributive clause may be connected with the principal clause asyndetically.

Time is all I want. (Dreiser)

Everything I could do to free myself came into my mind... (Eliot)

It was the worst Sunday he had spent in his life. (Dreiser)

I think she is the only really happy woman I have ever met with. (Collins)

4. If the antecedent is a noun modified by the demonstrative pronoun such the relative pronoun as is used.

For on the evening appointed for the Vauxhall party ... there came on such a thunderstorm as only happens on Vauxhall nights, and as obliged the young people, perforce, to remain at home. (Thackeray)

§11. Adverbial clauses.

An adverbial clause performs the function of an adverbial modifier. It can modify

a verb, an adjective and an adverb in the principal clause.

According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial clauses of:

- time,

- place,

- cause (reason),

- purpose,

- condition,

- concession,

- result,

- manner,

- comparison.

Adverbial clauses are joined to the principal clause by means of subordinating conjunctions; they are not joined to the principal clause asyndetically except sometimes adverbial clauses of condition.

An adverbial clause may precede the clause to which it is subordinated or follow it. In the first case it is separated from the principal clause by a comma, in the second, as a rule, no comma is used. An adverbial clause may also interrupt the principal clause, in which case a comma is used at the beginning and at the end of it.

When things are at the worst, they’re sure to mend. (Collins)

He was sipping the whisky and soda when she returned. (Cronin)

The first words, when we had taken our seats, were spoken by my lady. (Collins)

If we have two or more homogeneous adverbial clauses they are separated from each other by a comma.

He (Oliver) was still the same gentle, attached, affectionate creature that he had teen when pain and suffering had wasted his strength, and when he was dependent for every slight attention and comfort on those who tended him. (Dickens)