- •Theoretical grammar as a subject, its aim. Language as a functional system. Language and speech.
- •Types of meaning. Language levels and linguistic units.
- •The difference between system and structure.
- •Systematic relations in a language. Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.
- •Structural types of languages. English as an analytical language.
- •Morphology and syntax as two parts of linguistic description.
- •Grammatical meaning: explicit/implicit, general/dependent.
- •Grammatical category as unity of meaning. The notion of opposition.
- •Analytical and synthetic formations.
- •Types of morphemes.
- •The problems of definition and classification of parts of speech.
- •Grammatical homonymy.
- •Functional and notional parts of speech. Functional parts of speech. Preposition
- •Conjunctions
- •Particles
- •Interjection
- •General characteristics of the noun. Types of nouns.
- •Grammatical categories of nouns.
- •General characteristics of the adjective. Structural types of adjectives. The category of degrees of comparison.
- •The stative; its syntactical functions. The stative
- •Syntactic function
- •Substantivization (substantivation) of adjectives and adjectivization of nouns.
- •General characteristics of the adverb. Semantic types of adverbs. The category of degrees of comparison.
- •General characteristics of the pronoun. Types of pronouns. Grammatical categories of pronouns.
- •The numeral: meaning, form and function.
- •The verb, its meaning, form and function. Finite and non-finite verbs.
- •Structural types and morphological classes of verbs.
- •Modal verbs.
- •The categories of tense, aspect and phase (time-correlation).
- •The preposition, its types.
- •The conjunction, its types.
- •The particle and the interjection as parts of speech.
- •Subject of syntax.
- •Types of syntactic connection.
- •Word combinations, their types.
- •The notion of predication. Predication and modality
- •The sentence, its structure.
- •Main parts of sentence and their types.
- •Secondary parts of sentence and their types.
- •Prepositional and non-prepositional objects
- •The Apposition, Direct Address, Parentheses, and Insertions. Loose Parts.
- •Loose parts of sentence
- •Communicative types of sentences.
- •Structural types of sentences.
- •I‘m happy.
- •I‘m happy, but my kids are always complaining.
- •I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money.
- •I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money, but my kids are always complaining since we can’t afford to buy the newest toys.
- •Ellyptical sentences and one-member sentences.
- •Verbless two-member sentences and idiomatic sentences.
- •The composite sentence. Compound sentences.
- •The complex sentence, its structure and type of connection between clauses.
- •Types of clauses.
- •Independent clauses
- •Dependent clauses
- •Main or Independent Clause
- •Subordinate or dependent Clause
- •Noun Clause
- •Adjective Clause
- •Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses
- •Adverb Clause
- •Types of adverbial clauses.
- •Word order and inversion.
- •Interrogative Sentences
- •Imperative Sentences
Secondary parts of sentence and their types.
The Object
The Object is a secondary part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a noun, a substantival pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, or an adverb, and denoting a thing to which the action passes on, which is a result of the action, in reference to which an action is committed or a property is manifested, or denoting an action as object of another action. Objects differ form one another
by their morphological composition, by the parts of speech or phrases which perform the function of object
by the type of their relation to the action expressed by the verb (direct/indirect)
Classification of object:
Prepositional and non-prepositional objects
Morphological types (noun, pronoun, substantivized adjective, infinitive, gerund)
Direct/indirect, is applied only to objects expressed by nouns or pronouns. There are sentences in which the predicate is expressed by the verbs send, show, lend, give. These verbs usually take 2 different kinds of objects simultaneously: (1) an object expressing the thing which is sent, shown, lent, given, etc. (2) the person or persons to whom the thing is sent, shown, lent, given, etc. The difference between the 2 relations is clear enough: the direct object denotes the thing immediately affected by the action denoted by the predicate verb, whereas the indirect object expresses the person towards whom the thing is moved, e.g. We sent them a present. The indirect object stands 1st, the direct object comes after it.
In studying different kinds of objects it is also essential to take into account the possibility of the corresponding passive construction.
The Adverbial Modifier.
The term ‘adverbial modifier’ cannot be said to be a very lucky one, as it is apt to convey erroneous (wrong, incorrect) ideas about the essence of this secondary part. They have nothing to do with adverbs and they modify not only verbs.
There are several ways of classifying adverbial modifiers:
According to their meaning – not a grammatical classification. However it may acquire some grammatical significance.
According to their morphological peculiarities – according to the parts of speech and to the phrase patterns. It has also something to do with word order, and stands in a certain relation to the classification according to meaning.adverb,preposition + noun,a noun without a preposition,infinitive or an infinitive phrase
According to the type of their head-word – is the syntactic classification proper. The meaning of the word (phrase) acting as modifier should be compatible with the meaning of the head-word.
Adverbial modifier of:
Time and frequency,
Place and direction,
Manner and attendant
circumstances,
Cause,
Purpose,
Result,
Condition,
Concession,
Degree
The attribute
The problem of the attribute.The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property.
The attribute can either precede or follow the noun it modifies. Accordingly we use terms prepositive and postpositive attribute. The position of an attribute with respect to its head-word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the attribute itself, and partly on stylistic factors.
The size of the prepositive attributive phrase can be large in ME. Whatever is included between the article and the noun, is apprehended as an attribute.