23 Квітня 2008 р. Віктор Ющенко своїм наказом № 377/2008 ввів в дію рішення рнбо "Про невідкладні заходи щодо забезпечення інформаційної безпеки України". Відповідно до цього указу уряд, зокрема, мав:

розробити і внести у шестимісячний строк на розгляд Верховної Ради України проект Концепції національної інформаційної політики, яка визначатиме основні напрями, засади і принципи національної політики, механізми її реалізації та пріоритети розвитку інформаційної сфери;

затвердити державну програму формування позитивного іміджу України;

виділити фінансування на інформаційно-роз'яснювальну діяльність культурно-інформаційних центрів при закордонних дипломатичних установах України, розширити мережу таких центрів;

затвердити заходи щодо розширення вітчизняного мовлення на території інших держав іноземними мовами;

вжити невідкладних заходів щодо забезпечення присутності програм вітчизняних телерадіоорганізацій у багатоканальних мережах інших держав.

Результатом виконання цього указу стало, зокрема, створення РНБО Доктрини інформаційної безпеки України - сукупності основних офіційних поглядів на мету, задачі, принципи й основні напрямки забезпечення інформаційної безпеки держави. Віктор Ющенко затвердив її у липні 2009 р. В підготовці і обговоренні документу було задіяно понад 30 органів державної влади, наукових установ, враховано понад 200 конкретних пропозицій, у тому числі від представників громадських організацій, експертного середовища. В ньому сказано, що в інформаційній сфері України вирізняються такі життєво важливі інтереси держави:

недопущення інформаційної залежності, інформаційної блокади України, інформаційної експансії з боку інших держав та міжнародних структур;

ефективна взаємодія органів державної влади та інститутів громадянського суспільства при формуванні, реалізації та коригуванні державної політики в інформаційній сфері;

побудова та розвиток інформаційного суспільства;

забезпечення економічного та науково-технологічного розвитку України;

формування позитивного іміджу України;

інтеграція України у світовий інформаційний простір.[9]

В цьому ж було документі визначено принципи забезпечення інформаційної безпеки України:

свобода збирання, зберігання, використання та поширення інформації;

достовірність, повнота та неупередженість інформації;

обмеження доступу до інформації виключно на підставі закону;

гармонізація особистих, суспільних і державних інтересів;

запобігання правопорушенням в інформаційній сфері;

економічна доцільність;

гармонізація українського законодавства в інформаційній сфері з міжнародним;

пріоритетність національної інформаційної продукції.

16. Різновиди кіберзлочинності.

Cyber Crime

As Internet usage is growing daily the world is coming closer. The World Wide Web sounds like a vast phenomenon but surprisingly one of its qualities is bringing the world closer making it a smaller place to live in for its users. However, it has also managed to create another problem for people who spend long hours browsing the Cyber World – which is cyber crimes. While law enforcement agencies are trying to tackle this problem, it is growing steadily and many people have become victims of hacking, theft, identity theft and malicious software. One of the best ways to avoid being a victim of cyber crimes and protecting your sensitive information is by making use of impenetrable security that uses a unified system of software and hardware to authenticate any information that is sent or accessed over the Internet. However, before you can understand more about this system, let us find out more about cyber crimes.

Types of Cyber Crimes

When any crime is committed over the Internet it is referred to as a cyber crime. There are many types of cyber crimes and the most common ones are explained below:

Hacking: This is a type of crime wherein a person’s computer is broken into so that his personal or sensitive information can be accessed. In the United States, hacking is classified as a felony and punishable as such. This is different from ethical hacking, which many organizations use to check their Internet security protection. In hacking, the criminal uses a variety of software to enter a person’s computer and the person may not be aware that his computer is being accessed from a remote location.

Theft: This crime occurs when a person violates copyrights and downloads music, movies, games and software. There are even peer sharing websites which encourage software piracy and many of these websites are now being targeted by the FBI. Today, the justice system is addressing this cyber crime and there are laws that prevent people from illegal downloading.

Cyber Stalking: This is a kind of online harassment wherein the victim is subjected to a barrage of online messages and emails. Typically, these stalkers know their victims and instead of resorting to offline stalking, they use the Internet to stalk. However, if they notice that cyber stalking is not having the desired effect, they begin offline stalking along with cyber stalking to make the victims’ lives more miserable.

Identity Theft: This has become a major problem with people using the Internet for cash transactions and banking services. In this cyber crime, a criminal accesses data about a person’s bank account, credit cards, Social Security, debit card and other sensitive information to siphon money or to buy things online in the victim’s name. It can result in major financial losses for the victim and even spoil the victim’s credit history.

Malicious Software: These are Internet-based software or programs that are used to disrupt a network. The software is used to gain access to a system to steal sensitive information or data or causing damage to software present in the system.

Child soliciting and Abuse: This is also a type of cyber crime wherein criminals solicit minors via chat rooms for the purpose of child pornography. The FBI has been spending a lot of time monitoring chat rooms frequented by children with the hopes of reducing and preventing child abuse and soliciting.

17. Європейська (Будапештська) конвенція з протидії кіберзлочинності.

The Convention on Cybercrime, also known as the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime or the Budapest Convention, is the first international treaty seeking to address Internet and computer crime by harmonizing nationallaws, improving investigative techniques, and increasing cooperation among nations.[1][2] It was drawn up by theCouncil of Europe in Strasbourg, France, with the active participation of the Council of Europe's observer states Canada, Japan, South Africa and the United States.

The Convention and its Explanatory Report was adopted by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe at its 109th Session on 8 November 2001. It was opened for signature in Budapest, on 23 November 2001 and it entered into force on 1 July 2004.[3] As of September 2015, 47 states have ratified the convention, while a further seven states had signed the convention but not ratified it.[4]

Since it entered into force, important countries like Brazil and India have declined to adopt the Convention on the grounds that they did not participated in its drafting. Russia opposes the Convention, stating that adoption would violate Russian sovereignty, and has usually refused to cooperate in law enforcement investigations relating to cyber crime.

On 1 March 2006 the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime came into force. Those States that have ratified the additional protocol are required to criminalize the dissemination of racist and xenophobic material through computer systems, as well as threats and insults motivated by racism or xenophobia.[5]

Objectives[edit]

The Convention is the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer-related fraud, child pornography, hate crimes, and violations of network security.[6] It also contains a series of powers and procedures such as the search of computer networks and lawful interception.

Its main objective, set out in the preamble, is to pursue a common criminal policy aimed at the protection of society against cybercrime, especially by adopting appropriate legislation and fostering international cooperation.

The Convention aims principally at:

Harmonising the domestic criminal substantive law elements of offences and connected provisions in the area of cyber-crime

Providing for domestic criminal procedural law powers necessary for the investigation and prosecution of such offences as well as other offences committed by means of a computer system or evidence in relation to which is in electronic form

Setting up a fast and effective regime of international cooperation

The following offences are defined by the Convention: illegal access, illegal interception, data interference, system interference, misuse of devices, computer-related forgery, computer-related fraud, offences related to child pornography, and offences related to copyright and neighbouring rights.

It also sets out such procedural law issues as expedited preservation of stored data, expedited preservation and partial disclosure of traffic data, production order, search and seizure of computer data, real-time collection of traffic data, and interception of content data. In addition, the Convention contains a provision on a specific type of transborder access to stored computer data which does not require mutual assistance (with consent or where publicly available) and provides for the setting up of a 24/7 network for ensuring speedy assistance among the Signatory Parties.

The Convention is the product of four years of work by European and international experts. It has been supplemented by an Additional Protocol making any publication of racist and xenophobic propaganda via computer networks a criminal offence. Currently, cyber terrorism is also studied in the framework of the Convention.

Accession by the United States[edit]

Its ratification by the United States Senate by unanimous consent in August 2006 was both praised and condemned.[7] The United States became the 16th nation to ratify the convention.[8][9] The Convention entered into force in the United States on 1 January 2007.

"While balancing civil liberty and privacy concerns, this treaty encourages the sharing of critical electronic evidence among foreign countries so that law enforcement can more effectively investigate and combat these crimes", said Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist.[10]

"The Convention includes a list of crimes that each signatory state must transpose into their own law. It requires the criminalization of such activities as hacking(including the production, sale, or distribution of hacking tools) and offenses relating to child pornography, and expands criminal liability for intellectual property violations. It also requires each signatory state to implement certain procedural mechanisms within their laws. For example, law enforcement authorities must be granted the power to compel an Internet service provider to monitor a person's activities online in real time. Finally, the Convention requires signatory states to provide international cooperation to the widest extent possible for investigations and proceedings concerning criminal offenses related to computer systems and data, or for the collection of evidence in electronic form of a criminal offense. Law enforcement agencies will have to assist police from other participating countries to cooperate with their mutual assistance requests".[11]

Although a common legal framework would eliminate jurisdictional hurdles to facilitate the law enforcement of borderless cyber crimes, a complete realization of a common legal framework may not be possible. Transposing Convention provisions into domestic law is difficult especially if it requires the incorporation of substantive expansions that run counter to constitutional principles. For instance, the United States may not be able to criminalize all the offenses relating to child pornography that are stated in the Convention, specifically the ban on virtual child pornography, because of its First Amendment's free speech principles. Under Article 9(2)(c) of the Convention, a ban on child pornography includes any “realistic images representing a minor engaged in sexually explicit conduct”. According to the Convention, the United States would have to adopt this ban on virtual child pornography as well, however, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, struck down as unconstitutional a provision of the CPPA that prohibited "any visual depiction” that "is, or appears to be, of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct". In response to the rejection, the U.S. Congress enacted the PROTECT Act to amend the provision, limiting the ban to any visual depiction “that is, or is indistinguishable from, that of a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct”. 18 U.S.C

The United States will not become a Party to the Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime.

Accession by other non–Council of Europe states[edit]

The Convention was signed by Canada, Japan, the United States, and South Africa on 23 November 2001, in Budapest. As of July 2015, the non–Council of Europe states that have ratified the treaty are Australia, Canada, Dominican Republic, Japan, Mauritius, Panama, Sri Lanka, and the United States.

On 21 October 2013, in a press release, the Foreign Ministry of Colombia stated that the Council of Europe had invited Colombia to adhere to the Convention of Budapest.[12] Colombia has not acceded to the convention.