- •Part 1. Air Pollution
- •Impacts on Air
- •Part 2. Soil Pollution
- •Vocabulary:
- •Residual Soils
- •Tropical Red Soils, 2. Clay, 3. Transported Soils, 4. Northern Forest Soils
- •Impacts on Soil
- •1. Metals, 2. Wood-waste Breakdown Products, 3. Pesticides, 4. Fuels, 5. Nutrients, 6. Salts, 7. Carbon: Nitrogen (c:n) Ratio, 8. Plant Diseases
- •Part 3. Water Pollution
- •Vocabulary:
- •Impacts on Water
- •1. Fuels, 2. Wood-waste Breakdown Products, 3. Metals, 4. Oxygen Demand, 5. Nutrients, 6. Ammonia (nh3), 7. Solids, 8. Pesticides, 9. Nitrates, 10. Pathogens
- •Part 4 Disastrous Consequences
- •Vocabulary:
- •A Universe of Pollution
- •Part 5. Mass Extinction
- •Vocabulary:
- •Mass Extinctions
- •Mass Extinction. Is It Really a Problem Today?
- •Part 6.
- •Industry
- •Vocabulary:
- •Manufacturing
- •Industry in the usa
- •Russian Industry
- •Part 7. Agriculture
- •Vocabulary:
- •History of Agriculture
- •Modern Agriculture
- •Agriculture in the usa
- •Part 8. Development Consequences
- •Vocabulary:
- •1. Rivers, 2. Grasslands, 3. Oceans, 4. Islands, 5. Forests
Mass Extinction. Is It Really a Problem Today?
Part 1.
A. – Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. The topic of our programme today is “Mass Extinction. Is It Really a Problem Today?” It is known that Adaptation is a process in which living things change with new environmental conditions. The problem is: lots of species can’t adapt easily to rapidly changing environmental conditions today.
B. – The last mass extinction with dinosaurs had been studied by scientists for a long time and some of the theories were suggested. Could anyone remind us the concept of the main theory which was approved by the most scientists of the world?
A. – I’ve got an idea. For more than 167 million years, they were the dominant creatures on earth. During the heyday of the dinosaurs, the earth was warm, even in the polar regions. Then, about 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs mysteriously died out. Some scientists attribute this to a general drop in temperature, perhaps caused by a catastrophic collision of the earth with an asteroid.
B. – How had the environmental conditions changed for those tremendous creatures?
A. – Well, the once warm, swampy lowlands became cool and dry. For the giant reptiles the earth became a hostile environment.
Read the 2d part of the following dialogue “Mass Extinction. Is It Really a Problem Today?” and fill in the parts B:
Part 2.
A. – Why did the warm-blooded creatures take the dinosaurs place?
B. – …
A. – Have mass extinctions already occurred on our earth?
B. – …
A. – What were the reasons of those five mass extinctions?
B. – …
Read the 3d part of the following dialogue “Mass Extinction. Is It Really a Problem Today?” and fill in the parts A:
Part 3.
A. – …
B. – Yes, well, these recoveries took many millions of years and with the kinds of losses we are currently experiencing, a full recovery in any span of time is hardly possible with the rate of extinction at least one species every day, and that this rate may increase. If that is true, then within the next few decades, we may well lose more than a quarter of the earth’s total number of species.
A. – …
B. – Of course not. It is difficult but there are many ways …
Part 6.
Industry
Study the list of vocabulary and pronounce the words after the teacher:
Vocabulary:
industry [’indлstri] – промышленность industrial [in’dлstriəl] – промышленный output of new goods [’autput əv nju: gudz] – выпуск новых товаров to deal [tə di:l] (dealt, dealt [delt]) – иметь дело to manufacture [tə ‚mænju’fækt∫ə] – производить manufacturing [‚mænju’fækt∫əriŋ] – промышленное производство raw material [rɔ: mə’ti(ə)riəl] – сырьё steam-engine [’sti:m‚endჳin] – паровой двигатель to bring to action [tə briŋ] (brought, brought [brɔ:t]) – приводить в действие to create [tə kri’eit] – творить, создавать by hands [bai hændz] – вручную handicraft [’hændikra:ft] – ремесло very first [’veri fə:st] – самый первый to locate [tə ləu’keit] – располагаться location [ləu’kei∫(ə)n] – расположение to invent [tə in’vent] – изобретать home production [həum prə’dлk∫(ə)n] – надомное производство profitable/ unprofitable [’prɔfitəb(ə)l/ лn’prɔfitəb(ə)l] – выгодный/ невыгодный heavy/ light industry [’hevi/ lait] – тяжёлая/ лёгкая промышленность textile industry [’tekstail] – текстильная промышленность to distribute [tə dis’tribju(:)t] – доставлять enterprise [’entəpraiz] – предприятие to extract [tə ik’stræk] – извлекать, добывать extraction [ik’stræk∫(ə)n] – добыча by the highway/ by air [bai ðə ’haiwei/ bai eə] – по автомагистрали/по воздуху to exceed [tə ik’si:d] – превышать to mine [tə main] – добывать to expand [tə iks’pænd] – расширять to hinder [tə ’hində] – мешать annual [’ænjuəl] – ежегодный assembly [ə’sembli] – сбор, собрание consumer’s needs [kən’sju:məz ni:dz] – потребности клиента/ потребителя to be concerned [tə bi: kən’sə:nd] – иметь отношение/ касательство beneficial [‚beni’fi∫(ə)l] – благотворный, выгодный abundant [ə’bлnd(ə)nt] – обильный, богатый, имеющийся в изобилии plentiful [’plentiful] – изобилующий, изобильный property [’prɔpəti] – собственность financial [fai’næn∫(ə)l] – финансовый sufficient [sə’fi∫(ə)nt] – достаточный value [’vælju:] – ценный/ценность, стоимость scale [skeil] – масштаб cheap [t∫i:p] – дешёвый branch [bra:nt∫] – отрасль profit [’prɔfit] – прибыль crude [kru:d] – грубый, необработанный bountiful [’bauntiful] – безграничный employment/ unemployment [(лn)im’plɔimənt] – занятость/ безработица to intersect [tə ‚intə:’sekt] – пересекать(ся) state-run – государственный limestone – известняк clay [klei] – глина silica – кварц equipment [i’kwipmənt] – оборудование rapidly – быстро workforce [’wə:kfɔ:s] – рабочие; общая численность работников на предприятии/ в отрасли/ в стране manufacturing industry [‚mænju’fækt∫əriŋ ’indлstri] – обрабатывающая промышленность ferrous metallurgy [’ferəs me’tælədჳi] – чёрная металлургия non-ferrous metallurgy [’nɔn’ferəs me’tælədჳi] – цветная металлургия mechanical engineering and metal working [mi’kænik(ə)l ‚endჳi’niəriŋ] – машиностроение и металлообработка aero-space industry [’e(ə)rə(u)speis] – авиационно-ракетная промышленность automotive industry [‚ɔ:tə’məutiv] – автомобилестроение petrochemical and chemical industries [‚petrə(u)’kemik(ə)l ənd ’kemik(ə)l] – нефтегазоперерабатывающая и химическая промышленность woodworking and pulp and paper industries [’wud ‚wə:kiŋ ənd pлlp ənd ’peipə] – деревообрабатывающая и целлюлозно-бумажная промышленность ship-building [’∫ip‚bildiŋ] – кораблестроение building materials industry – промышленность строительных материалов light and food industries – лёгкая и пищевая промышленность |
leather industry [’leðə] – кожевенная промышленность tobacco industry [tə’bækəu] – табачная промышленность cement industry [si’ment] – цементная промышленность electrical engineering and electronic industries [i’letrik(ə)l, ilek’trɔnik] – электротехническая и электронная промышленность cotton industry [’kɔtn] – хлопчатобумажная промышленность textile industry [’tekstail] – текстильная промышленность jute industry [dჳu:t] – джутовая промышленность to be developed [tə bi: di’veləpt] – развиваться mining industry [’mainiŋ] – добывающая промышленность coal mining [kəul] – добыча угля iron ore mining [’aiən ɔ:] – добыча железной руды oil mining [ɔil] – добыча нефти natural gas [’næt∫(ə)rl gæs] – природный газ copper ore [’kɔpə ɔ:] – медная руда poly-metallic ores [‚pɔlimi’tælik ɔ:z] – полиметаллические руды molybdenum ore [mə’libdənəm] – молибденовая руда silver ore [’silvə ɔ:] – серебряная руда mercury [’mə:kjuri] – ртуть uranium ore [ju’reinjəm ɔ:] – урановая руда to be rich in natural resources [tə bi: rit∫ in ’næt∫(ə)rl ri’sɔ:siz] – быть богатым полезными ископаемыми to be mined [tə bi: maind] – добываться home market [‚həum ’ma:kit] – домашний рынок vast resources [va:st ri’sɔ:siz ] – обширные ресурсы powerful economy [’pauəful i(:)’kɔnəmi] – сильная экономика gross national product [grɔs ’næ∫ənl ’prɔdлkt] – валовой национальный продукт commodity [kə’mɔditi] – предмет потребления leading producer [’li:diŋ prə’dju:sə] – ведущий производитель consumption [kən’sлm(p)∫(ə)n] – потребление exporting abroad [’ekspɔ:tiŋ ə’brɔ:d] – вывоз за границу however [hau’evə] – однако efficient [i’fi∫(ə)nt] – эффективный, действенный vehicle [’vi:ikl] – машина, перевозочное средство to be (un)satisfied – быть (не)удовлетворённым widespread [’waidspred] – широко распространённый to conduct [tə kən’dлkt] – сопровождать, сопутствовать, быть проводником cargo [’ka:gəu] – груз automation [‚ɔ:tə’mei∫(ə)n] – автоматизация arrangement [ə’reindჳmənt] – приведение в порядок, расположение, систематизация to be connected – быть связанным to undergo (underwent, undergone) – пережить, выстрадать to influence badly [tə ’influəns] – плохо повлиять на, подорвать five year old series plan [’siəri:z] – пятилетка although [ɔ:l’ðəu] – хотя manufacturing production [‚mænju’fækt∫əriŋ prə’dлk∫(ə)n] – промышленное производство consumer [kən’sju:mə] – потребитель sufficient consumer goods [sə’fi∫(ə)nt kən’sju:mə] – достаточное количество продуктов потребления private property [’praivit ’prɔpəti] – частная собственность to remain – оставаться in private hands – у частников except [ik’sept] – кроме small agricultural holdings [‚ægri’kлlt∫ərəl] – небольшие участки земли, частные огороды to suffer great economic crisis [tə ’sлfə greit ‚i:kə’nɔmik ’kraisis] – переживать тяжёлый экономический кризис bankrupt [’bæŋkrлpt] – банкрот vast reserves of raw materials [ri’zə:vz] – обширные запасы сырья delivery [di’livəri] – доставка processing [’prəusesiŋ] – переработка economically unprofitable [‚i:kə’nɔmikəli лn’prɔfitəb(ə)l] – экономически невыгодный long distance [lɔŋ ’distəns] – большое расстояние major financial and commodity markets – главные финансовые и потребительские рынки bountiful supplies of energy [’bauntiful sə’plai əf ’enədჳi] – обильные запасы энергии asbestos [æz’bestɔs] – асбест nickel [’nikl] – никель lead [led] – свинец to own [tə əun] – владеть debt [det] – долг fibreous [’faibrəs] – волокнистый
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Exercise 1. Match the words on the left with their definitions on the right:
A. Nouns:
1. highway a. an enterprise which deals with the goods production
2. manufacture b. company or firm
3. goods c. processing goods in a large scale
4. engine d. assembly or place for buying and selling
5. producer e. crude oil found underground
6. railroad f. things produced for consumer’s needs
7. network g. main road
8. economy h. track of iron rails on which the trains run
9. market i. money worth
10. enterprise j. system of interrelationship of money, industry, and employment
11. value k. a part of machine which converts energy into mechanical work
12. petroleum l. system of intersecting lines, roads, etc.
B. Verbs:
1. to deal a. to get resources from the deep digging out
2. to invent b. to spread something over an area
3. to distribute c. to improve the value and quality
4. to appear d. to spread out or to make larger
5. to locate e. to think up or to create something new
6. to develop f. to situate or to place
7. to exceed g. to become visible or present
8. to mine h. to be greater than
9. to export i. to make slower the process of doing something
10. to cause j. to be concerned with
11. to expand k. to sell goods to a foreign country
12. to hinder l. to be a reason or purpose of any event or action
C. Adjectives:
1. vast a. being done by hands
2. financial b. abundant or plentiful
3. huge c. extremely large
4. handle d. of enough quantity
5. cheap e. happening every year
6. bountiful f. having great weight
7. sufficient g. forceful
8. powerful h. having much money or property
9. annual i. very great
10. profitable j. low in price
11. heavy k. beneficial
12. rich l. dealing with money, accounts, and business
Exercise 2. Discuss vocabulary of the previous exercise using the following model:
Model:
A. – I can’t understand this sentence because I don’t know the meaning of the word – to hinder.
B. – You’ve said to hinder? It means to make slower the process of doing something.
A. – To make slower the process of doing something? Right?
B. – Yes. Now try to read your sentence once again.
A. – I think, I’ve got it. Thank you.
B. – Not at all. I am glad to help you.
Exercise 3. Read the following sentences and decide which alternative is correct?
The very first factories appeared in … a. the USA, b. Japan, c. the UK, d. Russia
… has the most powerful economy. a. the USA, b. Japan, c. the UK, d. Russia
… is the world’s leading producer of asbestos, coal, iron ore, oil, nickel, and lead.
a. the USA, b. Japan, c. the UK, d. Russia
4. Industrial production of … is of very high quality.
a. the USA, b. Japan, c. the UK, d. Russia
Exercise 4. Read the following text and fill in the gaps with the words given below: