- •Unit 1. Atmospheric moisture Exercises (a)
- •Learn new words:
- •2. Translate the following word combinations:
- •Text (a)
- •Exercises (b)
- •1. Establish compliance between parts of sentences:
- •2. Speak about absolute and relative humidity using material of the unit and data of table:
- •Unit 2. Surface Runoff and Ground Water Exercises (a)
- •Learn new words:
- •To absorb – всасывать, впитывать
- •2. Read and translate the following international words:
- •3. Translate the following word combinations:
- •Text (a)
- •Exercises (b)
- •1. Establish compliance between parts of sentences:
- •Text (b
- •Read about factors that affect the rates of transpiration. Make a topic, using data of tables:
- •The factors that affect the rates of transpiration
- •Unit 3. Rivers
- •1. Translate the following word combinations:
- •Text (a)
- •1. Establish compliance between parts of sentences:
- •Text (b)
- •Read about Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence of flows
- •Unit 4. Water Pollution Exercises (a)
- •1. Learn new words:
- •Text (a)
- •Exercises (b)
- •1. Establish compliance between parts of sentences:
- •Text (b)
- •Unit 5. Drainage Basin Geometry Exercises (a)
- •1. Learn new words:
- •Translate the following word combinations:
- •Text (a)
- •Exercises (b)
- •Establish compliance between parts of sentences:
- •Text (b)
- •Unit 6. «Lakes» Exercises (a)
- •1. Learn new words:
- •1. Translate the following word combinations:
- •Text (a)
- •Exercises (b)
- •1. Establish compliance between parts of sentences:
- •Text (b)
- •Exercises (b)
- •1. Сomplete the following sentences using suitable words and word-combinations given below:
- •Unit 7 Flood Exercises (a)
- •1. Learn new words:
- •2. Translate the following word combinations:
- •Text (a)
- •Exercises (b)
- •1. Establish compliance between parts of sentences:
- •Text (b)
- •Exercises (b)
- •1. Сomplete the following sentences using suitable words and word-combinations given below:
1. Translate the following word combinations:
a flow of water in a natural channel; main trunks of a drainage system; to carry water part of the time; from a fluctuating groundwater table; at the level of the river bottom; below the bed of the channel; to be lost by infiltration; a stream or river; in a defined channel; to distinct from surface run-off on slopes; both types of water movement; together with groundwater flow; important components of the basin hydrological system; can be recorded in the form of a hydrograph; to show the variation of discharge with time; to distinguish the level of base flow; from ground water supply; to produce sharp peaks in the hydrograph; the peak of discharge; the most intense rainfall; a great deal of information; to be gained about flbod magnitude and frequency; to the water engineer and geomorphologist; the variation in hydrograph shape from river to river; on the geological and morphological characteristics of the catchment area; a hydrograph with a very sharp peak; from high immediate surface run-off; with little absorption and storage of water in the basin.
Text (a)
Read the text « Rivers Defined»:
River is a flow of water in a natural channel. The term generally refers to the large, main trunks of a drainage system; smaller channels may be called streams, creeks, brooks, or rills, in descending order of size. Rivers may carry water all the time, and are then called perennial streams or rivers, or they may carry water part of the time, in which case they are called intermittent streams. If the base flow is from a fluctuating groundwater table, a river will carry water only when the table is above or at the level of the river bottom, and will be dry when the groundwater table lies below the bed of the channel. If the stream has a bed which is always above the water table, water will be lost by infiltration as it moves downstream; it will then be called an ephemeral stream.
Thus, a stream or river is a body of water flowing in a defined channel as distinct from surface run-off on slopes. Both types of water movement, together with groundwater flow, are important components of the basin hydrological system. Channel flow can be recorded in the form of a hydrograph, which shows the variation of discharge with time. It is usually possible to distinguish the level of base flow, resulting largely from ground water supply, from that of quick flow (flood flow), which produces sharp peaks in the hydrograph. The peak of discharge characteristically occurs sometime after the most intense rainfall has ceased. This time lapse is referred to as basin lag.
From such hydrographs a great deal of information can be gained about flbod magnitude and frequency, data which is vital to the water engineer and geomorphologist. The variation in hydrograph shape from river to river shows the dependence of the discharge on the geological and morphological characteristics of the catchment area. A hydrograph with a very sharp peak, for instance, results from high immediate surface run-off, with little absorption and storage of water in the basin.