Identifiers

Names of variables, constants, methods and classes are called identifiers. An identifier begins with a letter or underscore (the _ character) followed by a sequence of alphanumeric characters (letters and digits) or underscores. The keywords of the Java language cannot be used as identifiers. see Java reserved words

Naming conventions:

• names of variables and methods are written in lowercase with each component (except first) distinguished with capital letter (for example: x, price, numOfAllOccurs, increment(), getBackground())

• names of constants are written in uppercase, separating components with underscores (for example: NUM, EXIT_ON_CLOSE)

• names of classes start with capital letter, each component distinguished with uppercase too. (Frame, ArrayList)

Remark: the convention of starting each component with capital letter is called the hungarian notation.

5.4. More on operators and expressions

In complex expressions (made up of a number of operators) evaluation order of operators depends on operator precedence and how they group. Operator precedence determines the order of evaluation of different operations contained in an expression (i.e. in the expression a + b * c, is addition or multiplication to be evaluated first?). Operators with the same precedence may be evaluated either left-to-right or right-to-left. The ones that group left-to-right are called left-associative, those that group right-to-left are called right-associative. For example, the expression a + b - c may be evaluated as (a+b)-c or a+(b-c). Although in this case grouping does not matter, there are situations when it is important. Operators have arguments, also called operands. In Java there are many unary and binary operators and one operator which takes three arguments. Arguments for operators are always expressions. In the expression a + (b - 1) arguments of the binary + are the expressions a and (b-1), in the expression b-1, arguments to binary - are the expressions b and 1. The Java language defines the following operators:

Precedence, grouping	Operator	Name
1, right-associative	!	Logical Complement
	~	Bitwise Complement
	+	Unary Plus
	-	Unary Minus
	++	Increment
	--	Decrement
	(type)	Cast Operator
2, left-associative	*	Multiplication
	/	Division
	%	Remainder
3, left-associative	+	Addition
	-	Subtraction
4. left-associative	<<	Left Shift
	>>	Right Shift
	>>>	Unsigned Right Shift
5, left-associative	<	Relational Operators
	<=
	>=
	>
	instanceof	Type Comparison Operator
6, left-associative	==	Equality Operators
	!=
7.	&	Bitwise AND
8.	^	Bitwise XOR (exclusive OR)
9.	|	Bitwise OR
10.	&&	Conditional AND
11.	||	Conditional OR
12, right-associative	?:	Conditional Operator
13. right-associative	= =* =/ =% =+ =- =& =^ =| =<< =>>	Assignment Operators

Note: lower numbers in precedence column specify higher precedence unary operators have blue background, binary operators - white background Assignment operators are right-associative. It means that the expression: x = a + b is evaluated from right to left. It does not make any difference here, but consider an expression which itself is an assignment (the value of assignment expression is the value of its left-hand side variable) and its value is assigned to some variable: int x, a = 3, b = 4; int c = 1; x = a = b = c + 7 Here, the precedence of binary + is higher than that of assignment operator =. Thus the expression c + 7 is evaluated first, and its value is assigned to the variable b. The value of the expression b = c + 7 is now 8 and it is assigned to the variables on the left-hand side: a and then x. Consequently, the variables x, a, and b store the same value: 8. In the above table there are a number of the so called Compound Assignment Operators of the form:                 op= where op is one of the operators:  *        /        %        +        -        <<    >>    >>>        &        ^        |

These operators are applied the following way:             x op= expression  is the abbreviated form of:             x = x op ( expression ) where: x - a variable expression - an arbitrary expression op - operator

Thus, instead of: numOfChildren = numOfChildren + 1 we can write: numOfChildren += 1 There are two kinds of unary increment (++) and decrement (--) operators:

• postfix (the operator is placed after its argument)

• prefix (the operator is placed before its argument)

Moreover:

• ++ increases and -- decreases the value of operand by 1.

• the value of the expression with the prefix operator is the value of its argument after application of the operator (increment or decrement)

• the value of the expression with the postfix operator is the value of its argument before application of the operator - it equals the original value of the argument.

Thus, after the evaluation of the following: int n, i = 1; n = i++;      // postfix ++ the value of n is 1, but the value of a is 2. However, after int n, i = 1; n = ++i;      // prefix ++ the value of both n and i is 2. The following program explains the above remarks:

public class Express1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;

a = b = c * 1 + 2;

System.out.println("a=" + a + " b=" + b + " c=" + c);

a = b = c * (1 + 2);

System.out.println("a=" + a + " b=" + b + " c=" + c);

a = b++;

System.out.println("a=" + a + " b=" + b + " c=" + c);

c = --b;

System.out.println("a=" + a + " b=" + b + " c=" + c);

a++;

b++;

c++;

System.out.println("a=" + a + " b=" + b + " c=" + c);

a = b++*++c;

System.out.println("a=" + a + " b=" + b + " c=" + c);

int longVariableName = 20;

longVariableName = longVariableName * 10;

longVariableName *= 10;

System.out.println( longVariableName );

}

}

a=5 b=5 c=3 a=9 b=9 c=3 a=9 b=10 c=3 a=9 b=9 c=9 a=10 b=10 c=10 a=110 b=11 c=11 2000

The binary + operator is used here not only to add numbers, but also to concatenate strings. Further discussion of this feature will be presented in the next lecture. Here is the output of the program: