Unit 3 driver, vehicle and road

Transportation is a system consisting essentially of three components: driver, vehicle, and road. If any one of these components fails, the whole system would fail, and conditions of hazards would be created on the road.

To provide a safe and efficient transportation system, it is necessary that all of these three components should function in a well coordinated manner.

Driver. Studies have shown that 86% of the serious accidents are caused by drivers.

Vehicle. This component also plays a vital part in determining safety on roads.

An unsafe vehicle is a source of constant danger in a road transportation system.

Road. To ensure maximum safety for the transportation system, it is necessary to plan and design highways on sound engineering techniques.

Modern roads. Modern roads should possess the following principal features. They should be designed according to the anticipated volume and speed of the traffic. Bends and gradients should always be slight. Visibility should not be hindered. They should be well lit. Hedge and tree planting on the road sides should provide a pleasant and interesting outlook to avoid monotony and boredom.

Road construction. In modern road construction, there is much greater recognition of the importance of the subsoil beneath a road. It is regarded as an integral part of the road. In case of mechanical stabilization granular or cohesive materials are added to the subsoil. In dry climates it is necessary to add substances helping to retain sufficient moisture.

Stabilization can be carried out by adding substances that harden the soil, and greatly increase its compressive strength. The constantly increasing volume of modern traffic involves the construction of numerous auxiliary structures, such as bridges, flyovers, tunnels, and underpasses. It is mainly these structures that will present problems for the engineers.

Vocabulary Notes:

hazard	- ризик
essentially	- в головному
manner	- cпociб, метод
accident	- нещасний випадок
to ensure	- забезпечувати,
	гарантувати
sound	- правильний, надійний
to anticipate	- очікувати
visibility	- видимість
flyover	- естакада
subsoil	- підкладка грунту
compressive strength	- часовий опір
auxiliary	- допоміжний
underpass	- шляхопровід
gradient	схил, скат

Завдання 1. Дайте відповіді на наступні запитання.

1. What is transportation?

2. What is necessary to provide a safe and efficient transportation system?

3. What is a source of constant danger in a road transportation system?

4. What is necessary to plan and design to ensure maximum safety for the transportation system?

5. What should always be slight?

Завдання 2. Доповніть речення згідно з змістом тексту.

1. Transportation is a system consisting essentially of three components_____.

2. Studies have shown that 86% of the serious accidents__________.

3. An unsafe vehicle is a source of constant danger in a road_______.

4. Modern roads should possess the following________.

5. Hedge and tree planting on the road sides should provide a pleasant and interesting outlook to avoid____________.

Завдання 3. Знайдіть a) синоніми та b) антоніми до наступних слів у тексті.

1. B.

1. way 1. to destroy

2. to ensure 2. safe

3. main 3. unpleasant

4. to keep away from 4. old

5. to include 5. to decrease

Завдання 4. Знайдіть речення, які відповідають змісту тексту.

1. The technology of computer science has an effect on our life.

2. Problems are most severe in countries that depend heavily on automobile transportation.

3. Gasoline and other fuels supply nearly all the energy for engine-powered transportation.

4. In modern road construction, there is much greater recognition of the importance of the subsoil beneath a road.

5. Stabilization can be carried out by adding substances that harden the soil, and greatly increase its compressive strength.

Завдання 5. Складіть речення з поданих слів.

1. is, a system, three, consisting, of, components: driver, vehicle, essentially, and, transportation, road.

2. constant, vehicle, is, a source, of, transportation, danger, in, a road, system, an unsafe.

3. possess, roads, features, should, the following, modern, principal.

4. In, helping, dry, necessary, moisture, climates, it is, to add, substances, to retain, sufficient.

5. hindered, should, not, be, visibility.