10. Прочитайте, переведите письменно текст. The cinema of the United States

The cinema of the United States, often generally referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. Its history is sometimes separated into four main periods: the silent film era, classical Hollywood cinema, New Hollywood, and the contemporary period. While the Lumiere Brothers are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema, it is undisputably American cinema that soon became the most dominant force in an emerging industry. Since the 1920s, the American film industry has grossed more money every year than that of any other country.

In 1878, Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion. In 1894, the world's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City, using Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope. The United States was in the forefront of sound film development in the following decades. Since the early 20th century, the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. Picture City, FL was also a planned site for a movie picture production center in the 1920s, but due to the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, the idea collapsed and Picture City returned to its original name of Hobe Sound. Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar. Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941) is frequently cited in critics' polls as the greatest film of all time. American screen actors like John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe have become iconic figures, while producer/entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising. The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful movies in the world, such as Gone with the Wind (1939), Star Wars (1977), Titanic (1997), and Avatar (2009). Today, American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year, making the United States the third most prolific producer of films in the world.

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One of the largest cities in the world, New York is situated at the mouth of the Hudson River¹. New York was founded by the Dutch². It is interesting to know that Manhattan Island³, the central part of the city, was bought from the local Indians for $24 by the Dutch.

In the 18^th century New York grew into the largest city of the United States of America. Now New York is a great sea port, the leading textile and the financial centre of the country.

Manhattan Island with the Wall Street³ district is the heart of America’s business and culture. There, at Broadway and 116 Street is the campus of Columbia University, the biggest educational establishment of New York.

New York’s theatre district is often referred to as «Broadway», but most of the theatres are located actually on the side streets near Times Square. They are active year-round with top-stars performing in various plays.

It is easy to find one’s way in New York. Avenues, except Broadway, run north and south; streets run east and west and are numbered. The building numbers get higher as you move away from the Fifth Avenue and towards the rivers.

Subway (the metro is called subway in the USA) provides the cheapest and the fastest way to travel. There are no buses on the most of the avenues and on the principal streets.

¹ – река Гудзон

² – Манхэттен

³ – голландцы

⁴ – Уолл стрит