15. Переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие местоимения that и those в разных значениях.

1. That company is said to have been established as a sole proprietorship.

2. The fact that the stockholders must also pay taxes on the income is considered as a drawback of the corporate form of ownership.

3. The shares of corporation are sold to those who are interested in investing and risking their money in the enterprise.

4. One should know that each partner is liable for the debts of the business.

5. The agreement to form a business association is known as a partnership contract that includes the items about distribution of profits, responsibility for losses and debts, etc.

6. Salaries paid to the managers in large corporations are higher than those in partnerships.

7. It is the sole proprietorship that allows the owner to obtain all the profits and to control the business personally.

8. The credit that can be obtained by a sole proprietor is much smaller than that obtained by a big corporation.

9. It is important that large corporations invest money in research.

10. Company management decisions include those related to organization and operation of the company's business.

11. The owner's liability in the sole proprietorship form of business is greater than that in other forms of ownership.

16. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Появление существующих трех основных форм собственности тесно взаимосвязано с эрой бурного экономического прогресса во всех отраслях промышленности.

2. При единоличной форме собственности владелец получает всю прибыль предприятия, однако он также несет неограниченную личную ответственность в случае неспособности вы полнить обязательства перед поставщиками и клиентами.

3. Партнерство позволяет владельцам объединить свои финансовые капиталы для получения максимальных прибылей, а также облегчает получение кредита у банков для расширения деятельности.

4. Акционерная форма собственности имеет как преимущества, так и недостатки, при этом ограниченная ответственность акционеров является основным преимуществом корпорации.

5. Система двойного налогообложения включает подоходный налог на получаемые акционерами дивиденды.

6. Так как крупные корпорации платят большие зарплаты своим работникам, то для выполнения сложных научно-исследовательских работ могут быть наняты наиболее квалифицированные специалисты.

17. Прочитайте текст без словаря и озаглавьте его. Ответьте на вопросы, следующие за текстом

The private business corporation is known as one type of corporation but there also exist other types, for instance, public corporations owned by governmental bodies. The Tennessee Valley Authority formed in the 1930s in the

USA can be mentioned as an example of a federal corporation which is to provide power, control floods, and provide irrigation.

The majority of corporations in the USA are small and they make up approximately 25 percent of all business companies, however, this figure understates the real economic significance of the corporate business organization. Modern technological developments largely account for the appearance of corporate giants in such sectors of the economy as manufacturing, transportation and utilities, mining, banking and insurance, and retail trade.

In view of the growing importance of corporations, society is faced with three major problems. First, the growth in corporate size has brought about an increasing separation of control from ownership. In large companies a stockholder no longer performs effective control; actual control belongs to management, which tends to be self-selecting and responsible only to itself. Second, the size of many corporations gives them economic power that permits to ignore the discipline of the competitive market, because it is large corporations that have real control over the prices charged for the goods they produce. Finally, society cannot be sure that the corporate performance serves the public interest.

Public interest requires organization and operation of business to be subject to governmental regulation, and many laws have been enacted for the purpose of ensuring a competitive pluralism in production and trade. Government regulation, particularly in the USA, attempts to prevent the formation of monopolies that totally control a particular branch of industry such as steel, petroleum, or automobile production. Governments also regulate public utilities and transportation, guarantee loans to homeowners, subsidize shipping, build highways and airports, administer price-support programmes for farmers.

1. What types of corporations are known?

2. Why are corporations so important in the national economy of the USA?

3. What are the main disadvantages of corporate giants?

4. Why is governmental regulation necessary? How can it be effected?