8. Раскройте скобки и употребите глаголы в соответствующей форме.

The Internet originally (to appear) as the US Department of Defense programme (to call) ARPANET, that is Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. (To establish) in 1968, this programme (to be) (toprovide) a secure com­munications network for organizations (to engage) in defence research work. Scientists (to allow) to use this network and later a similar and parallel network (to name) National Science Foundation Net (shortly NSFNet) (to cre­ate). (To take) much of technology (to use) in ARPANET, the new network (to be able) (to handle) greater amount of data (to carry) it at a rate of 45 mil­lion bits (бит, дискретный двоичный отсчет) per second. Nowadays, on the one hand, the Internet development (to know) (to govern) by the Internet Architecture Board, while on the other hand, the Internet Network Informa­tion Centre (to be) responsible for the naming of computers and networks. (To develop) for expanding the network's utility, the network games, mone­tary transactions, virtual museums also (to help) to test the limits of Internet technology.

9. Вставьте в предложения модальные глаголы в соответствующей форме.

1. Bulletin board systems ... maintain free or low-cost communication networks to attract more users.

2. We ... develop different means to deliver the Internet services.

3. Sensitive information... not be transferred without having been encrypt­ed.

4. According to the company's long-term project, more goods ... be sold through a virtual shop by the end of 2000.

5. For sharing private information businesses... use intranets.

6. Remote education ... be more available for younger generation.

7. Connecting to the Internet one ... remember about data security of his personal computer.

8. Electronic summer sales ... held in September.

9. Some traditional retail companies ... dissolve as they failed in competition with e-commerce.

10. Nowadays a virtual company ... be considered one of the most flourishing forms of cooperation.

10. Вставьте в предложения парные союзы both ... And (1-3); either ... Or (1-2); neither ... Nor (2); the ... The (2); as ... As.

1. Using modern techniques, a wide network known as ARPANET connected different types of computers ... of universities ... military servic­es in the USA.

2. ... lower tariff barriers ... better trade relations between nations.

3. ... consumers ... sellers can win if inflation rates are high in the country.

4. The equilibrium price is influenced by ... supply ... demand.

5. Nowadays customers can buy commodities using ... traditional retail services... e-commerce.

6. In the mid-1990s e-commerce began developing... rapidly... the Internet.

7. ... lower the price for the Internet access,... more it will be available to the general public.

8. ... air-mail... other types of mail can compete with the delivery of data by e-mail.

11. Переведите следующие группы слов, в которых встречаются слова с суффиксом ing в разных функциях.

By supporting e-commerce; the supporting of e-commerce; the connecting system; the system connecting users; connecting the users, the network...; being surrounded by an extensive network, the users...; without connecting the users; the system connecting computer users; after elaborating on a complex network; this network having been elaborated on by..; elaborating on a complex network, the engineers...; having elaborated on the complex net work, the engineers...; by elaborating on the complex network; due to creat­ng the electronic auction sales; before creating the electronic auction sales; having been created, the computer security system...; being created, the com­puter security system.