Завдання 1.
Дайте відповіді на слідуючі запитання:
What system of electric ignition do you know?
Where is battery ignition used?
What is the source of current connected to?
What is the other end of the primary winding of the coil connected to?
What does the ignition coil consist of?
What takes place when the primary circuit is closed by the breaker?
Where is the wave of electromotive force induced in the secondary coil?
Завдання 2.
Перекладіть на англійську мову:
джерело струму акумуляторної батареї; первинна обмотка; переривник; заземляти; магнітний сердечник; велика кількість витків; магнітний потік.
Завдання 3.
Дайте українські еквіваленти слідуючим англійським словосполученням:
secondary winding; terminal, storage battery; interrupter; flux; core;
turn.
Акумуляторна батарея; переривник; сердечник; виток; потік; затиск; вторинна обмотка.
Завдання 4.
Поставте відповідну цифру до кожного терміну, даного під малюнком 7 ; опишіть малюнок:
starter 6.interrupter
generator 7.ignition coil
storage battery 8.distributor
ignition lock 9.plug
ammeter
TEXT 7-В.
Прочитайте текст та визначте переваги подвійного запалювання.
DUAL IGNITION
Some engines are equipped with ignition systems that produce two simultaneous1 sparks in the same combustion chamber.
Tests indicate that slightly more power can be obtained from an engine if dual ignition is used, if charge is inflammed2 at opposite points of the combustion chamber at the same time, the pressure rise will be more rapid, and combustion, therefore, will be completed while the piston is nearer the beginning of the stroke, so that effective expansion ratio3 is greater.
Dual or two-spark ignition can be effected by means of4 an ordinary ignition system, if special spark plugs with insulated electrodes are used, the two plugs then being connected in series5.
Примітки:
1 .simultaneous - одночасний
is inflammed - спалахує
3.expansion ratio - ступінь розширення
can be effected by means of - може виконуватись шляхом
connected in series - з’єднані послідовно
TEXT 7-C.
Прочитайте текст і дайте відповіді на запитання:
What are two main parts of spark plugs?
Where is an air gap?
What metal alloys is the central electrode made of?
What is the number of electrodes in plugs?
What is the size of plugs?
SPARK PLUGS.
Practically all plugs are of the same general construction. There are wo main parts - a steel body, which screws into1 the cylinder and an " insulated centre piece earring a rod or electrode. This is arranged in such manner2 that there is a small air gap3 between it and the earthed body, and it is across this gap that spark jumps.
Various metal alloys are used for the central electrode, which is an important part of a plug. Usually nickel is used despite its high cost.
Some plugs have three earthed electrodes or “points”, while others have only one; again there are plugs in which an earthed ring is formed around the central electrode so that the spark jumps the annular gap.
The two usual plug sizes are known to be 14 mm and 18 mm, this being the metric diameter of threat.
SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE TRENDS
І Прочитати і перекласти письмово текст
In the face of growing competition from diesels and alternative power sources, some of the latest prototype and production gasoline-fueled engines show how continued engineering development is meeting demands for more power, reduced fuel consumption and emissions, and more efficient packaging.
Considerable progress has been made in development of the internal combustion engine over its more than 100-year history, particularly in recent years. Examples include the adaptation of spark-ignition (SI) engines to three-way catalysts and the introduction of direct injection in diesel engines. Howeverm even greater demands range from more stringent emissions legislation, manufacturers’ commitments to reduce CO2 emissions, and customer requests for higher performance and greater comfort without prejudice to safety.
Europeam limits on hazardous emissions were reduced in 2000 and will be tightened in 2005. Limits for 2005 on HC, NOx, and particulates will be one-fifth of today’s levels, and new test cycles with no warm-up period will be mandated. In the U.S., legislation will demand ultra-low-emission vehicles (ULEV) and, from 2003 onward, California will require a greater mix of zero or near-zer-emissions vehicles.
Greenhouse effect concerns have led most European car manufacturers to commit to introducing cars that, on average, emit less than 140 g/km (225 g/mi) CO2 by 2008. This corresponds to a reduction of more than 25% in fuel consumption compared with 1990.
Customers will require even greater safety and comfort that, in most cases, can only be fulfilled with higher vehicle mass, which conflicts with demands for less energy consumption. In addition, vehicle performance must be maintained, and the costs of ownership cannot rise.
The main target for advanced spark-ignition engine development is improvement In fuel economy, thus a reduction in CO2 emissions. Technical solutions include supercharging and tubocharging, fully variable-valve timing, and direct injection.
ІІ Переписати в зошит і вивчити слова:
СЛОВНИК
Слова, словосполучення и спеціальні терміни
ability – здатність
able (to be able) – бути в стані
advance – продовження вперед , успіх; аванс
advantage - перевага
balance – балансування, баланс; балансувати, регулювати
call – звати, називати, дзвонити, виклик (телефонний)
consider – обговорювати, сподіватися, роздивлятися
considerable - значний
consume - потребувати
consumer - потребувач
consumption – споживання,
define - визначати
demand – потребувати, потреба; спрос
designer – конструктор, дізайнер
device - прилад
disability - нездатність
disabled - інвалід
disadvantage - недолік
engine – двигун, мотор
engineer - інжинер
engineering – машинобудування, інженерне діло, розробка
flex – згибати, гнути; згибатись
flexibility – гіркість; переналаштування
flexible – гибкий; переналаштування
form – форма; формірувати, придавати форму
fuel - паливо
fuel consumption – потреба палива
ingenious - хитрий
ingenious device – хитрий прилад
load – груз, заряд; нагружати
must be able to move - повинні бути в змозі рухатися
obtain - отримувати
obtainable - доступний
output - вихідний
overhaul – капітальний ремонт
power - влада
power output – вихідна потужність
power plant - елекртостанція
present - уявити
problem worked at – проблема працювати
properly - правильно
ratio - співвідношення
run smoothly and properly – гладко і правильно
run (ran, run) – виконувати (біг)
smoothly - плавно
specific - конкртний
start - початок
thrust – удар
TEXT 8
Furniture — оборудование , обстановка
accident — несчастный случай
to hit - ударять
to Site - располагать,размещать
injury - повреждение
Collision - столкновение
Roadside Furniture
At Birmingham University tnere was a conference at which road accident such as hitting a lamp post, tree, bus shelter at a bus stop, telegraph pole which are often badly sited were being discussed. Collisions with street furniture were ignored in the last 30 years and it is only m the last two or three years that we have noticed how tnese designs can cause problems.
Better designed "road furniture'1 could reduce injuries m the 35.000 accidents a year. Birmingham City engineer» have already identified high risk sites and have begun to replace some road signs.
TEXT 9
traffic warden — регулировщик движения
to park — ставить автомооилъ на стоянку a band - лента
expensive - дорогой
to mean — значить,означать fine - штраф
Traffic Wardens
Traffic Wardens, a familiar figure in London, were introduced
23 years ago in I960 to control parking. They wear navy-blue uniforms and a cap with yellow bands. Parking in London is very expensive.In central London it costs 10 p to park for 10 minutes and you can park for up to 2 or 4 hours. If you don't return in time you will find that: the traffic warden has booked you and given a parking tiket.This means that you must pay a fine.Sometime you may not even find your car because the police traffic warden have taken it away. When you collect it you also have to pay a fine.
Ответьте на вопросы:
1.What is traffic warden's task?
2.Why is there such service in London?
TEXT 10
to allow - разрешать
shape - форма
authority - власти
Taxi
Do you know what a London taxi looks like? Of course you do. Their special shape and their black colour is famous all over the world. The black car has become the symbol of London. But soon it is going to chancre. Already taxi drivers are allowed to have their cars in different colours - red, green, even silver. And soon the shape is going to change too. The authorities have decided to use a new kind of car - a Range Rover. In 10 years or so the old black car will be part of English history.
TEXT 11
Public Carriage Office - отдел общественных перевозок
to be responsible for — отвечать за
route - маршрут
Taxi drivers
It isn't easy to become a London taxi driver. First you have to register with the Public Carriage Office,
the police department, which is responsible for London taxis. There they give you the Blue Book. Actually this
book isn t blue at all but it is very important. It contains all the routes you have to know before you
become a London driver. After that you have to go to the Public Carriage Office every month. They ask you
questions not only about the routes but also about all the important buildings on the way, for you know all the
routes perfectly well you are allowed to become a taxi driver.
Ответьте на вопросы:
1.Is it difficult to be a taxi driver in London?
2..What must a man know before he becomes a London taxi driver?
TEXT 12
THE EARLY DAYS OF THE AUTOMOBILE
1.One of the earliest attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was suggested by Isaac Newton. But the first self -propelled vehicle was constructed by the French military engineer Cugnot in 1763, He built a steam- d r ive n engine which had three wheels, carried two passengers and ran at maximum speed of four miles.The carriage was a great achievement bv.t it was far from perfect and extremely inefficient. The supply of steam lasted only 15 minutes and the carriage had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.
2.In 1825 a steam engine was built in Great Britain. The vehicle carried 18 passengers and covered 8 miles in 45 minutes. However, the progress of motor cars met with great opposition in Great Britian. Further development of the motor car lagged because of the restrictions resulting from legislative acts. The most famous of these acts was the Red Flag Act of 1865,according to which the speed of the steam-driven vehicles was limited to 4 miles per hour and a man with a red flag had to walk in front of it.
3.In Russia there were cities where motor cars were outlawed altogether. When the editor of the local newspaper in the city of Uralsk bought a car, the governor issued these instructions to the police: ""When the vehicle appears in the streets, it is to be stopped and escorted to the police station, where its driver is to be prosecuted".
4.From 1860 to 1900 was a period of the application of gasoline engines to motor cars in many countries. The first to perfect gasoline engine was N. Otto who introduced the four-stroke cycle of operation. By that time motor got a standard appearance.
After World War it became possible, to achieve greater reliability of motor cars, brakes became more efficient.
Multi-cylinder engines came into use, most commonly used are four-cylinder engines.
5.Like most other great human achievements, the motor car is not the product of any single inventor. Gradually the development of vehicles driven by internal combustion engine - cars, as they had come to be known, led to the abolition of earlier restrictions. Huge capital began to flow into the automobile industry.
From 1908 to 1924 the number of cars in the world rose from 200 thousand to 20 million; by 1960 it had reached 60 million. No other industry had ever developed at such a r a t e .
6.There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars. They have several clubs which possess great, influence such as Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club, which specialize in rare models. The clubs practise meetings where members can exhibit their cars. Collectors can also advertise in the magazines published by their clubs. Some magazines specialise in a single type of car such as glorious Model "T".
A number of museums have exhibitions of antique automobile models whose glory rings in automobile history. But practically the best collection - 100 old cars of great rarity - is in possession of William Harrah. He is very influential in his field.The value of his collection is not only historical but also practical: photographs of his cars are used for films and advertisements.
7.In England there is the famous "Beaulieu Motor Museum — the home for veteran cars.The founder of Museum, is Lord Montegue, the son of one of England s motoring pioneers, who opened it in 1952 in memory of his father. Lord Montegue's father was the first person m England to be fined by the police for speeding.
He was fined 5 pounds for going faster than 12 miles per hour: 1
In the Museum's collection there is a car called the Silver Ghost which people from near and far go to see. It was built by Rolls-Royce in 1907, and called the Silver Ghost because it ran so silently and was painted silver.
There is a car called The Knight. It is the first British petrol-driven car. Its top speed was only 8 m.p.h.
In the museum there is also a two-seated car, built in 1903.
Задание I. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту
1. Who was the first to suggest the idea of propelling vehicle by mechanical power? (1)
2. Who was a self-propelled vehicle constructed by? (1)
3. When and where was a steam engine built? (2)
4. What do you know about the Red Flag Act of 1865? (2)
5. What kind of instruction did the Russian governor issue?(3)
6. What did ft.Otto introduce? (4)
7. When did it become Possible to achieve greater reliability of the cars? (4)
8.What was the number of the cars by 1960? (5)
9. How many Americans collect antique cars? (6)
10. What is historical and practical value of William Harrah's collection?
Текст 13:
THE ERA OF THE GASOLINE-POWERED AUTOMOBILE
І Прочитати і перекласти письмово текст
Inventors on both sides of the Atlantic discovered during the 1880s that technologies for making self-propelled carriages and wagons had progressed dramatically. Soon sundry vehicles powered by steam, internal combustion engines, and electricity were rolling across Germany, France, and the United States.
The first practical internal combustion engine was built by Etienne Lenoir, a Belgian living in France. Patented in 1860, his water-cooled contraption burned coal gas and was noisy and inefficient; even so, for two decades it had many buyers. Lenoir’s engine was a clear proof of concept to other inventors, especiall in Europe.
Nikolaus Otto, a German, was one of many inspired by Lenoir’s technical and commercial success. Mechanically gifted, Otto sought to improve the Lenoir engine, and in the late 1870s he did. Otto’s four-cycle design embodied features that would become standard in gasoline automobile engines.
The cars of that time were very small, two- seated cars with no roof, driven by an engine placed under the seat. Motorists had to carry large cans of fuel and separate spare parts, for there were no repair or filling stations to serve them.
The Otto engine and the many clones it spawned, though intended to replace small steam engines in industry, inaugurated the era of the gasoline-powered automobile. Clearly the compact internal combustion engine was a most suitable technology for the self-propelled vehicle.
Karl Benz, also a German, employed his own Otto-type engine to power a three-wheel carriage in 1885. These tri-wheelers, with a one-cylinder engine that developed 0.8 hp, were put on the market in 1887, perhaps the earliest commercial automobiles.
In 1891 Benz added a four-wheel motorized carriage to his company’s offerings. These automobiles sold well and were widely imitated. In the early 1890s, for example, Penhard et Levassor as well as Peugeot in France were peddling cars to the public. Henry Ford, however, was still a long way from building automobiles.
ІІ Виконайте завдання до тексту
EXERCISES
1.Перекладіть з словником на українську мову слова і словосполучення, виділені у тексті жирним шрифтом. Створіть словник.
2. а)Перекладіть без словника на українську мову слова і словосполучення, виділені у тексті жирним шрифтом, і відробіть їх вимовлення під кирівництвом викладача.
б)Перекладіть весь текст. Зіставте письмово індивідуальний словник для даного тексту з 10-15 слів і словосполучень.
в)Зрівняйте переклад змістом розповіді, підготовленим раніше. Зробіть висновок. Визначте, чий варіант опинився найбільш близьким до тексту.
3.Найдіть у тексті синоніми слова famous.
4. Заповніть пропуски в реченнях, у відповідності змістом тексту і перекладіть речення.
There are about 3,000 Americans who like to collect antique cars.
Antique Automobile Club and Veteran Motor Car Club________in___________
In England there is the________Beaulieu Motor Museum – the home for veteran cars.
There is a car called The Knight. It is the first British_______Its_____speed was only 8 mph.
5. Проаналізуйте речення, в яких слова написані разом і неправильно поставлені прогалини. Відмітьте в робочих зошитах вертикальними рисочками прогалини. Прочитайте речення в слух, передаючи в звучанні смислові відтінки тексту, виявлені при його розборі, і переведіть їх. Поясніть можливі викривлення думки при неправильному розставлені прогалини не дотримані пауз при читанні.
Theclubspracticemeetingswherememberscanexhibittheircars.
Collectorscanalsoadvertiseinmagazinespublishedbytheirclubs.
Buttheyworkedhardandatlasttheycreatedtheworldfamouscar.
6.Перекладіть питання. На основі відповідей на питання коротко перекажіть на основне зміст тексту на англійській мові.
Are there motor car clubs and museums in America and England?
What models do these clubs and museums specialize in?
What rare cars are exhibited in these clubs and museums?
7.На основі питань і відповідей на питання по завданню складіть діалог.
Один з учасників діалогу – інженер-автомобіліст. Він відповідає на питання другого учасника діалогу – студента, котрий старається отримати як можна більш цікавий для нього інформації. При складанні діалогу використовуйте текст і матеріал, представлений у попередніх завданнях.
В ході діалогу використовуйте наступне вставні слова і розмовні фрази:
а) для студента (student)
Good morning!
Good afternoon!
Hello!
Iet me introduce myself.
My name is___________
I am__________________
I study at___________
I am interested in__________
I would like to ask you about_________________
And what about___________
Can you describe me___________
Can you tell me about___________
What are the main characteristics of___________
Thank you for your help.
It was nice to meet you.
See you.
Cood-bye.
б) для инженера-автомобіліста (automotive engineer)
Good morning!
Good afternoon!
Hello!
How can I help you?
What can I do for you?
Do you know that_____
Let me tell you about_
I would like to mention that_
The point is that__________
Thank you for your coming.
It was nice to meet you.
Hope to see you soon.
Good-bye.
See you.
ІІІ Переписати в зошит і вивчити слова:
СЛОВНИК
Слова, словосполучення и спеціальні терміни
about – біля, приблизно
advert – згадувати, спиратися
advertise – рекламувати, об’явити
advertisement – об’ява, реклама, анонс
antique – антикварний, античний, старовинний
collect - збирати, колекціонувати
collect antique cars – зібрати (колекціонувати) старовинні автомобілі
collection – колекція, підбірка
collective – колективний, спільний
collector – колекціонер, збирач; колектор, токознімач
especially - особливо
exhibit – показувати, експонувати
famous - відомий
fine – штраф; штрафувати
founder – засновник
ghost - привид
glorious – славний, легендарний
host – господар; приймати гостей
in memory of – в пам’ять про когось (чім) – або
meeting – збори, зустріч
memory – пам’ять
motoring – авто діло, автоспорт
motoring pioneers – першопрохідці автомобілебудування
per hour – в годину (за годину)
petrol-driven car – автомобіль, працюючий на бензині
pioneer – першопроходець
practice – практикувати
practice meetings – проводити збори (зустрічі)
rare – рідкий, рідкісний
run silently – працювати тихо (о двигуні)
several - декілька
silently – тихо, безшумно
single – один, єдиний
special – спеціальний
specialist – спеціаліст
specialize - спеціалізуватися
specialize in rare models – спеціалізуватися по рідким автомобілям
specially – спеціально
specific – специфічний
speed – швидкість, прискорювати
speeding – пре вишення швидкості
such - такий
such as – такий як (при зрівнянні)
Текст 14
DRIVER, VEHICLE, AND ROAD
І Прочитати і перекласти письмово текст
Transportation is a system consisting essentially of three components: driver, vehicle, and road, If any one of these components fails, the whole system would fail, and conditions of hazards would be created on the road.
To provide a safe and efficient transportation system, it is necessary that all of these three components should function in a well coordinated manner.
Driver. Studies have shown that 86% of the serious accidents are caused by drivers.
Vehicle. This components also plays a vital part in determining safety on roads. An unsafe vehicle is a source of constant danger in a road transportatopn system.
Road. To ensure maximum safety for the transportation system, it is necessary to plan and design highways on sound engineering techniques.
Modern roads. Modern roads should possess the following principal features. They should be designed according to the anticipated volume and speed of the traffic. Bends and gradients should always be slight. Visibility should not be hindered. They should be well lit. Hedge and tree planting on the road sides should provide a pleasant and interesting outlook to avoid monotony and boredom.
Road construction. In modern road construction, there is much greater recognition of the importance of the subsoil beneath a road. It is regarded as an integral part of the road. In case of mechanical stabilization granular or cohesive materials are added to the subsoil. In dry climates it is necessary to add substances helping to retain sufficient moisture.
Stabilization can be carried out by adding substances that harden the soil, and greatly increase its compressive strength. The constantly increasing volume of modern traffic involves the construction of numerous auxiliary strictures, such as bridges, flyovers, tunnels, and underpasses. It is mainly these structures that will present problems for the engineers.
ІІ Виконайте завдання до тексту
EXERCISES
1.Перекладіть з словником на українську мову слова і словосполучень, у тексті жирним шрифтом. Складіть словник.
2.а) Перекладіть без словника на українську мову слова і словосполучення, виділені в тексті жирним шрифтом, і відпрацюйте їх вимову під кирівництвом викладача.
б)Перекладіть весь текст. Складіть письмову індивідуальний словник для даного тексту з 10-15 слів і словосполучення
в) Зрівняйте переклад змістом розповіді, підготовленим раніше. Зробіть висновок. Визначте, чий варіант опинився найбільш близьким до тексту.
3.Заповніть пропуски в реченнях, в співвідношенні з змістом тексту і перекладіть речення.
Transportation is a system _______ essentially of three components; driver, ______ , and road.
If any one of these ______ fails, the whole system would ______, and conditions of _______ would be created on the road.
To ______ a safe and efficient transportation system, it is necessary that all of these three components _____ function in a well _____ manner.
Of all the above ______ components driver is the most ______ component influencing safety on a road.
It is possible to obtain maximum _____ on highways by controlling their geometry, by _______ of vertical and horizontal _____ and providing adequate _____ distances.
Hedge and tree planting on the ______ sides should provide a pleasant and interesting outlook to _____ monotony and boredom.
In modern road construction, there is much greater _____ of the importance of the subsoil ______ a road. It is _____ as an integral part of the road.
In case of mechanical stabilization ________ or _________ materials are added to the subsoil. In dry climates it is necessary to add ______ helping to _____ sufficient______
Stabilization can be carried out by adding substances that ______ the soil, and greatly increase its ______ strength.
4.Проаналізуйте речення, в яких відсутні прогалини між словами. Правильно проставте прогалини і/або розділові знаки і напишіть речення. Перекладіть і прочитайте їх у слух, змінюючи почергово логічно наголос на окремих словах, у залежності від того, яку мисль ви хочете підкреслити . Об’ясніть можливі викривлення думки при не правильному співвідношення пауз у фразах.
Transportationisasystemconsistingessentiallyofthreecomponentsdrivervehicleandroad.
Inmodernroadconstructionthereismuchgreaterrecognitionoftheimportanceofthesubsoilbeneatharoad.
5.Проаналізуйте речення, в яких слова написані разом і неправильно проставлені прогалини. Відмітьте в робочих зошитах вертикальними рисочками прогалини і/або розділові знаки. Прочитайте речення у слух, передаючи в звучанні смислові відтинки тексту, виявлені при його розборі, і переведіть їх. Поясніть можливі викривлення думки при неправильному розставленні прогалин і недотриманні пауз при читані.
Ifan yone of the secom ponent sfailst hew holesy stem wouldfai land conditions of haz ards wouldbee reated ont her oad.
Top rovi deas afean deffi cientt ran sportationsystemitis nec essary thatal; of the seth reecom ponentss hould function nina wellco ord in ated man ner.
6.Перекладіть питання на українську мову. На основі відповідей на питання коротко перекажіть основний зміст тексту на англійській мові.
What are the three main components of transportation?
What will happen if any one of these components falls?
What is necessary to provide a safe and efficient transportation system?
Which is the most important component?
What should be made to obtain maximum highways safety?
What should be made to avoid monotony and boredom on roads?
What role does the subsoil play in the modern road construction?
What does mechanical stabilization help to do?
7.На основі питань і відповідей на питання складіть діалог.
Один з учасників діалогу – інженер – автомобіліст. Він відповідає на питання другого учасника діалогу – студента, котрий старається отримати як можна більше цікавої для нього інформації . При складанні діалогу використайте текст і матеріал, представлений в попередніх завданнях.
В ході діалогу використайте наступні вставні слова і розмовні фрази:
а) для студента (student)
Good morning!
Good afternoon!
Hello!
Iet me introduce myself.
My name is___________
I am__________________
I study at___________
I am interested in__________
I would like to ask you about_________________
And what about___________
Can you describe me___________
Can you tell me about___________
What are the main characteristics of___________
Thank you for your help.
It was nice to meet you.
See you.
Cood-bye.
б) для инженера-автомобіліста (automotive engineer)
Good morning!
Good afternoon!
Hello!
How can I help you?
What can I do for you?
Do you know that_____
Let me tell you about_
I would like to mention that_
The point is that__________
Thank you for your coming.
It was nice to meet you.
Hope to see you soon.
Good-bye.
See you.
8.Підготовтесь до лексичного диктанту.
Слова для запам’ятовування:
Essentially determine recognition moisture
Hazard possess subsoil harden
Create feature beneath auxiliary
Provide anticipate granular flyover
Coordinate gradient cohesive underpass
Cause hinder retain present
ІІІ Переписати в зошит і вивчити слова: