Урок 4 Написание слов с прописной буквы. Сокращения.

Capitalizing. Contractions.

Capital Letters are used for:

1. Names of days, holidays, months, school subjects (E.g.: Sunday, Veteran’s Day, September, Arts)

2. Names of people, nationalities, towns, cities, states, counties and countries.(E.g.: Yury Gagarin, Russian, Cambridge, Manchester, Virginia, Devon, Greenwich, China).

3. Names of streets, avenues, lanes and roads. Common nouns after proper nouns. (E.g.: Oxford Street, Gooseberry Lane, London Bridge, Greenwich Observatory)

4. Names of forests, parks, mountains, oceans, seas, lakes and rivers. (E.g.: Hyde Park, the Sayan Mountains, the Pacific Ocean, the Volga).

5. Parts of the world. (E.g.: the East, the West). These words are begun with a small letter when they mean direction. (E.g.: to go north, to sail south).

6. The greeting of a letter. (E.g.: Dear Friends, We would like to invite you…).

7. All words in a title but for articles and short prepositions. (E.g.: National Geographic, Alice in Wonderland).

Task 1 Copy and put the capital letters.

Fourth of july, washington,d,c., the hudson river, january, new york times, black beauty, snow white, london zoo, baker street, tuesday, wednesday, scottish, irish, the british museum, the national gallery, the north pole, the far east, ferdinand magellan, the microsoft corporation, “lily-of-the-water”.

dear mark,

i am so glad to receive your letter…

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A contraction is a short form of writing when words are joined and some letters are left out. An apostrophe (’) shows where a letter or letters have been left out. In textbooks or in formal letters they are usually written in full.

I’ve – I have

Who’d – who would

It’s – it is

There’s – there is

He’s – he has / he is

I’ll – I will

Hasn’t –has not

Haven’t – have not

Can’t – cannot

Won’t – will not

You’re – you are

Didn’t – did not

Task 2. Rewrite the sentences, using contractions:

1. I should not stay long. _________________________________________________________

2. Mary thinks she is getting a cold._________________________________________________

3. Our dog does not like to swim. __________________________________________________

4. What is in the basket? _________________________________________________________

5. Harry could not answer the question. _____________________________________________

6. I would help you if I could. _____________________________________________________

7. Our teacher was not in school today.______________________________________________

8. I have made this toy myself. ____________________________________________________

9. He will be at your house by 6 o’clock._____________________________________________

Task 3. Make the necessary corrections in these adverts:

1. Don’t wait another minute. Try Toothpaste for Tots. Youll be glad you did.

_____________________________________________________________________

2. Theres no soap like Frescho. Everybodys buying it. Arent you?

_____________________________________________________________________

3. Were sure youll save at Top Shop. Weve got the lowest prices.

_______________________________________________________________________

Task 4. Copy and put the capital letters.(There are 18 capitals).

dear sir, (1)

rumours having been afloat of white men having made their apparition somewhere south of this lake, (2) i have come here in quest of news… I could easily come to chief mpiga, (3) and my steamer and boats would bring you here. We could concert on further designs.

beware of kabarega’s men! (4_) he has expelled captain casayi.

believe me, dear sir, (5) to be

yours very faithfully, (6)

dr emin

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Analyze the following rules:

1. and (6) – Use a comma (,) after the salutation and the closing of any letter.

2. – Use a comma after the introductory participial phrase.

3. – Use a comma before and, but, or, for, yet when they join independent clauses.

4. – Use an exclamation mark (!) after an exclamation.