Plan

І.Introduction

ІІ.Main part

1. I.M.Sechenov’s biography and researches.

2. I.M.Sechenov’s conclusion further in research under the title “Reflexes of the brain”.

ІІІ.Conclusion

Text

I.M.Sechenov.

This interesting biography in Russian deals with the man, who is referred to by the Russians as the father of Russian physiology.

Born in 1892. I.M.Sechenov belongs to that group of people of scientists who are the true glory of Russia’s science. This group includes such names as D.I.Mendeleyev, A.P.Borodin, A.N.Beketov, A.O.Kovalevsky, I.I.Mechnikov. On this graduation from the University of Moscow, he spent several years abroad. While working in the library of C.Bernard, Sechenov made the important observation that there existed in the brain of a frog spinal cord. This was a discovery of a special physiologic function of the brain. His researches were published in 1863 under the title “Reflexes of the brain”. Somewhat later he published “Physiology of the nerves system”, which in he developed the hypothesis that all conscious and subconscious acts are in their essence reflexes. This was a startling idea for time, namely that all psychic life with all its manifold manifestations is activated and maintained by stimuli which the organism receives from outside as well as with stimuli originating within the organism. Sechenov argued that loss of sensory stimuli or loss of sensations would tender psychic life impossible. The principal cause of every act of a human being is to be found outside of him, in his environment. He arrived at a further conclusion that sensory stimuli peed not necessarily be manifested by a motor act or any other external manifestation because the organism possesses nervous centers capable of inhibiting reflexes. This conclusion finds basis in his discovery that in the brain of a frog there exist special nervous centers which, when stimulated, will inhibit the development of the reflexes activities. This capacity for the elaboration of special reflex controls by retardation of external manifestation of the reflex mechanism Sechenov considers the most important acquisition by man constituting in fact the basis of that complicated process, which is referred to as thought, intention, desire. Thought, according to Sechenov, is a reflex in its conception and its continuation but without the terminal act which is expressed in motion.

The researches of Sechenov laid the foundation for the work of the Pavlov school. Pavlov himself stated that Sechenov’s “Reflexes of the brain” constituted the starting point of the researches of his own school. The essential similarity and kinship in the work of Sechenov and Pavlov is that for both the formulation of the most complex acts of so called psychic activity depends on the environment. The study of conditional reflexes has demonstrated that the manifold manifestations of the higher nervous activity were the result of constant correlation between the organism and its environment. Both men stressed the objective physiologic method in the investigation of the complicated psychic phenomena.

1. Vocabulary:

1. Observation [ ǝbzǝ(ɔ:)’ve ɪ ʃ(ǝ)n ] - бақылау жүргізуre;

2. Discovery [ dɪs’kʌvǝrɪ ] - жаңалық ашу;

3. Brain [ brein] – ми;

4. Hypothesis [ hɪpɔθɪ: zɪs] – гипотеза;

5. Research [ rɪsǝ ɔ: tʃ] - зерттеу жұмысы;

6. Conscious [ k ɔ: nʃǝs] - саналы ;

7. Subconscious [ su:bk ɔnʃǝs] - санасыз;

8. Manifold [ mǝnɪfould] - әртүрлі;

9. Manifestation [ mænɪfesteɪʃn] - пайда болу;

10. to argue [ a: (g) ju:] - дәлелдеу;

11. sensory [ sensǝrɪ] – сезімтал;

12. environment [ ɪnvaɪǝrǝnment ] - сыртқы орта;

13. conclusion [ kǝn’klu: ʒ(ǝ)n] – нәтиже, қорытынды;

14. inhibiting [ɪnhɪbɪtɪη] – тежегіш;

15. basis [ beɪzɪs] – негіз;

16. capacity [ kǝpæs (ɪ)tɪ] – қабілеттілік;

17. retardation [ rɪta: deɪʃn] – кешігу;

18. external [ ekstǝ: nǝl] – ішкі жағдай;

19. similarity [ sɪmɪlærɪtɪ] – сәйкестік;

20. kinship [ kɪnʃɪp] – туыстық;

21. conditional [ k ɔndɪʃɪnæl] – шартты;

22. investigation [ɪnvestɪgǝɪʃǝn] – ғылыми зерттеу жұмысы.