5. Подберите значения:

   term	meaning
   civil law	встречный иск
   private law	истец, потерпевший
   a plaintiff	иск, обвинение
   a defendant	гражданское право
   criminal law	ответчик, обвиняемый
   an answer	частное право
   a counterclaim	уголовное право
   a complaint	ответный иск
   a party	публичное право
   public law	сторона в судебном процессе

6. Пользуясь словами из упражнения с, переведите предложения на английский язык:

1. Сторона, возбуждающая дело (4 варианта) называется истец.

2. Публичное право иногда называют уголовным.

3. Частное право иногда называют гражданским.

4. В гражданском деле истец подает иск, а ответчик – ответный иск.

5. В уголовном деле обвиняемого судит государство.

1. Прочитайте текст «Правовая система Соединенного Королевства» и озаглавьте каждый абзац, используя следующие заголовки. Внимание: один заголовок лишний!

1. Sources of English law

2. The European Union law

3. Criminal and civil law

4. Public and private law

The legal system in the United Kingdom

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The study of law traditionally distinguishes (проводит различие) between public and private law.

Public (criminal) law relates to (относится к) the state and deals with the disputes between citizens and the state or between one state and another. It includes (включает) constitutional law, administrative law, tax law and criminal law.

Private (civil) law relates to the disputes between individuals and legal persons. It includes family law, contract law and property law.

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Criminal and civil laws have their own separate court systems: criminal courts and civil courts.

In a civil court a party initiating a suit is called a plaintiff, a claimant (истец). A party being sued is called a defendant (ответчик). A plaintiff starts a lawsuit by a complaint (иск). A defendant disputes with a plaintiff in an answer (ответный иск). A counterclaim (встречный иск) may be written by a defendant if he feels that a plaintiff tells a lie (лжет).

A criminal case is initiated by the state or by a city or county against a person accused of having committed a crime. The state, city or county is called a plaintiff (a claimant) (потерпевший). The accused person is called a defendant (обвиняемый). The charge against (обвинение против) the defendant is called an information or a complaint (обвинение). So, in Britain criminals are prosecuted by the state in the name of (от имени) the Queen.

3. ___________________________________________________

The legal system in Britain is based on common law with a precedent at the core (в качестве центрального элемента). This is characteristic for the Anglo-Saxon law traditions and is considered (считается) the first source of the English law. A precedent is a decision of a judge which later (последующие) judges follow when they decide the typical case. This source of law can be called «case law» or «judge-made law».

Apart from (кроме) case law, the second source of the English law is legislation. There are two forms of legislation: direct (primary) and indirect (delegated). Direct legislation is in the form of the Acts of Parliament or statutes. Delegated legislation includes bylaws, professional regulations.

The third source is the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice as Britain is a Member State of the European Union. When there is a conflict between EU law and English law, the European law prevails.