10. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the biggest country in the world?
What is the deepest lake in the world?
What is the highest mountain in the world?
What is the longest river in the world?
Which month is longer: March or April?
When are days longer: in winter or in summer?
Which is the longest day of the year?
Which is the shortest day of the year?
Which is the shortest month of the year?
When is it colder: in October or November?
11. Paraphrase the following sentences using as…as, not so … as, not as…as:
1. The Dnieper is long. The Volga is longer than the Dnieper.
My room is neither larger nor smaller than his room.
This watch is neither better nor worse than that.
Snowdon is high. Ben Nevis is higher.
Paul is neither older nor younger than his friends.
It is warm today. But it was warmer yesterday.
July is neither longer nor shorter than August.
I shall be busy tomorrow. Today I am busier.
English is difficult. German is also difficult.
His songs are popular. The Beatles’ songs are more popular.
12. Translate into English:
1. Він не такий стомлений як вона.
Вправа 2 така ж важка, як і вправа 3.
Вона думає, що бокс такий же небезпечний вид спорту, як і боротьба.
Сьогодні вода в річці не така тепла, як учора.
Індія не така велика, як Китай.
Темза така ж красива, як Нева.
Російський музей такий же багатий, як Ермітаж.
Минулого року серпень був такий же спекотний, як і липень.
Екзамен був не таким важким, як ми очікували.
Цей пристрій такий же потужний, як і той.
Lesson 4
Programming
Some people did not want a machine that would do the same thing over and over again. For example, a music box is a machine that plays the same music over and over again. Some people wanted to be able to tell their machine to do different things. For example, they wanted to tell the music box to play different music every time. They wanted to be able to program the music box- to order the music box to play different music. This part of computer history is called the «history of programmable machines» which is a fancy phrase for «The history of machines that I can order to do different things if I know how to speak their language.»
One of the first examples of this was built by Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD). He built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums. These ropes and drums were the language of the machine – they told what the machine did and when. Some people argue that this is the first programmable machine.
Most historians agree that the «castle clock», an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is the first known programmable analog computer. It showed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer travelling across a gateway that made some doors to open every hour, and five robotic musicians who play music when levers hit them. The length of day and night could be changed (AKA re-programmed) every day in order to account for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year. Ada Lovelace is considered to be the first programmer.
Find the English equivalents in the text:
Виконувати одне й те ж знову і знову; бути здатним; програмована машина; керуватися складною системою; замковий годинник; бути винайденим; півмісяць; важіль.
Translate the following words and word-combinations:
To program the music box, history of programmable machines, to speak their language, to build a mechanical theatre, to last, system of ropes and drums, astronomical clock, programmable analog computer, moon-shaped pointer, to hit.
Answer the following questions:
What do some people want the machine to do?
What period is called «history of programmable machines»?
What was the first example of such a machine?
What did the astronomical clock show?
Who is considered to be the first programmer?
Match the definitions to the notions:
program |
telling a computer how to do certain things by giving it instructions |
programming |
a type of written language that tells computers what to do |
programming language |
a person who makes computer programs using a programming language |
programmer |
a plan of how to do something |