14. Paraphrase the following word-combinations:

Model: the shore of the lake - the lake shore

holidays in winter – winter holidays

a house made of bricks – a brick house

a plant producing tractors – a tractor plant

A gate made of iron; a dress made of silk; a town situated near the border; a forest in which pines grow; winds blowing from the west; the leader of the party; a gallery in which pictures are shown; a strike in London; a conference held in Paris; a mistake in spelling; disease of liver; the policy of the government; a farm where chickens are raised; the movement for peace.

Lesson 3

Invention and automation

Nobody knows who built the first computer. This is because the word "computer" used to mean a person who did math as their job (a human computer). Because of this, some people say that humans were the first computers. Human computers got bored doing the same math over and over again, and made tools (mostly mechanical calculating devices like abacuses) to help them get the an swers to their problems. It is said that the inventor of the 'modern' computer was Charles Babbage.

Humans have a problem with math. To show this, try doing 584 x 3,220 in your head. It is hard to remember all the steps! People made tools to help them remember where they were in a math problem. The other problem people have is that they have to do the same problem over and over and over again. A cashier used to make change every day in her head or with a piece of paper. That took a lot of time and people made mistakes. So people made machines that did those same things over and over. This part of computer history is called the "history of automated calculation," which is a fancy phrase for "the history of machines that make it easy for me to do the same math problem over and over without making mistakes."

The abacus, the slide rule, the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150-100 BC) are examples of automated calculation machines.

1. Find the English equivalents in the text:

Набридати, виготовити інтрумент, пристрій для обчислення, винахідник, запам’ятати всі кроки, касир, здача, забирати багато часу, логарифмічна лінійка.

2. Translate the following words and word-combinations:

To do math, calculated device, to do the same over and over again, to make mistakes, automated calculation, to make it easy.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What did the word “computer” use to mean?

2. Who was the inventor of the modern computer?

3. What problems do people have?

4. What are the examples of automated calculation machines?

4. Match the definitions to the notions:

invention	a mechanical analog computer
automation	a tool used by explorers to help them figure out where they were
tool	a new thing that someone has made
device	a thing used to make tasks easier
calculation	the use of machines, control systems and information technologies to optimize productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services
abacus	a machine or tool or information appliance
slide rule	doing mental math
astrolabe	a very old tool used for arithmetic