In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning from the box and then write a sentence with who. Use a dictionary if necessary.

he/she designs buildings

he/she steals from a shop

he/she doesn't believe in God

he/she buys something from a shop

he/she breaks into a house to steal things

he/she no longer works and gets money from the state

Example/: (an architect) An architect is someone who designs buildings.

1. (a burglar) A burglar is someone ...

2. (a customer) …

3. (a shoplifter) …

4. (an atheist) ...

5. (a pensioner) ...

Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.

1. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

_The girl who was injured in the accident is now in. hospital._

2. A man answered the phone. He told me you were away.

The man ...

3. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient.

The ...

4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.

...

5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released.

The ...

E xercise 1. Read the text and translate the 2 nd paragraph [5].

W ords borrowed from other languages and the meaning of Tingo

Loanwords are words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language. A loanword can also be called a borrowing. The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. "Loan" and "borrowing" are of course metaphors, because there is no literal lending process. There is no transfer from one language to another, and no "returning" words to the source language. The words simply come to be used by a speech community that speaks a different language from the one these words originated in.

Borrowing is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. Borrowing of words can go in both directions between the two languages in contact, but often there is an asymmetry, such that more words go from one side to the other. In this case the source language community has some advantage of power, prestige and/or wealth that makes the objects and ideas it brings desirable and useful to the borrowing language community.

Jacot de Boinod’s book is not only amusing, but, he claims, shows that way in which a language is inextricably linked to the culture in which it is spoken. Is it really true, then, that in Germany there are a lot of people who have faces which other people want to punch? Or that Japan has more than its share of ofbakku-shan? The reader may not at first be convinced by this, but when you read that Hawaiians have 108 words for sweetpotato, 65 for fishing nets and 47 for banana (simply because in Hawaii there are indeed 108 different kinds of sweet potato, 65 fishing nets and 47 different types of banana), it makes more sense. Albanians are famous for their moustaches – and indeed the Albanian language contains 27 different words for “moustache”-  madh, for example, is a bushy moustache, posht is a moustache hanging down at the ends while a fshes is a long moustache with short hairs. People from Holland and Belgium appear to be more fun-loving.

So, what exactly does “tingo” mean then? Well, to find that out, you’ll just have to find the book. No, not really! It's from the Pascuense language of Easter Island, meaning "to borrow objects from a friend's house, one by one, until there's nothing left".

Exercise 2. Read the text and write suitable heading to each paragraph

Exercise 3. Listen to the text and mark the sentences True or False. [Part III pp. 172-173], [1, p.131 T 7.7].

		TRUE	FALSE
1	The English invented a sauce called ‘ke-tsiap’
2	By 1993 the sauce was part of the English diet-people
3	‘Orange’literally means ‘poison for elephants’
4	Tennis is a sport which first developed in England
5	Tennis’ gained popularity worldwide and was taken up by many nationalities

Exercise 4. Retell the main idea of the listened text.

E xercise 5. Make up a topic on the given theme.

1. Speak about the words borrowed from English language.

2. Speak about meaning and definition of the word “engineering”, “civil engineering”.

E xercise 6. Discussion on the given topics.

Give your opinion: Why all over the world people try to speak English, use English words?

E xercise 7. Use a prefix from list A and a word from list B to complete the sentences.

A auto, ex, micro, under, post, semi

B husband, spell, graduate, final, biography, wave

1. I still get on well with my_______even though we broke up five years ago.

2. You can read all about the actor’s life in his_______.

3. I was thrilled when my son reached the ________of the tennis tournament.

4. My sister did her _______course at Harvard in the USA.

5. She usually cooks her meals in a _______ oven.

Exercise 8. Complete the notes.

curriculum, easier, equal, wars, 1.6 million speakers, nineteenth century, too difficult