Міністерство освіти і науки України

Національний університет водного господарства та

природокористування

Кафедра іноземних мов

086-154

Навчальні завдання

з розвитку навичок читання та усного мовлення

з англійської мови для студентів II курсу

денної форми навчання напряму 6.070101

«Транспортні технології»

Рекомендовано до друку

методичною комісією

напряму підготовки 6.070101

«Транспортні технології»,

протокол № 7 від 8.06.2010р.

Рівне 2010

Навчальні завдання з англійської мови з розвитку навичок читання та усного мовлення для студентів II курсу денної форми навчання напряму підготовки 6.070101 «Транспортні технології»./П.І.Мігірін, С.А.Приймак. – Рівне: НУВГП, 2010. -19 с.

Упорядники – П.І.Мігірін, старший викладач,

С.А.Приймак, викладач

Відповідальний за випуск – О.Л.Вакуленко, завідувач

. кафедри іноземних мов,

канд. філол. наук, доцент

© Мігірін П.І., Приймак С.А., 2010

© НУВГП, 2010

Передмова

Навчальні завдання призначені для студентів II курсу факультету менеджменту напряму підготовки 6.070101 «Транспортні технології».

Їх основна мета полягає в тому, щоб відповідно до вимог програми з іноземних мов підготувати студентів до самостійного читання англомовної літератури за фахом, вдосконалювати вміння та навички читання, усного мовлення студентів у процесі використання ними іншомовного матеріалу під час вивчення своєї спеціальності.

Добір текстів, розробку систем лексичних та граматичних вправ виконано з урахуванням цільової установки чинної програми з іноземних мов.

У навчальних завданнях основну увагу звернено на розуміння специфіки лексико-граматичних та лінгвістичних засобів науково-технічного мовного стилю, а також вироблення вміння передати їх адекватно під час перекладу українською мовою.

Мета навчальних завдвнь - підготувати студентів до читання і розуміння оригінальної фахової літератури англійською мовою. Матеріал навчальних завдвнь складається з трьох уроків та текстів для додаткового читання. Кожен урок містить основний і додаткові тексти, словник-мінімум, пояснення найскладніших для перекладу словосполучень чи виразів. У навчальних завданнях подано велику

кількість різноманітних вправ, спрямованих на удосконалення навичок словотворення. Закріплення лексичних одиниць, що згруповані в словниках-мінімумах, забезпечується їх багаторазовим повторенням в текстах і вправах до уроків.

Отже, навчальні завдання націлені на вдосконалення навичок ознайомлювального, переглядового і вивчаючого читання оригіналь-ної науково-технічної літератури, а також підготовку студентів до практичної мовленнєвої діяльності англійською мовою.

Lesson 1.

Part A

Essential vocabulary

1. to complement	доповнювати	11.alignment	горизонтальна проекція
2 frame	структура	12. intolerable	нестерпний
3. to involve	включати	13. commuter	постійний пасажир
4. to implement	впроваджувати	14. dispersed	розкиданий
5 adjustment	пристосування	15 .to estimate	оцінювати
6. output	результат	16. evaluation	оцінка
7. to submit	подавати на розгляд	17 .concurrently	одночасно
8. draft	проект	18 .modification	зміна
9 .preliminary	попередній	19 .to apply	застосовувати
10. feasibility	ймовірність	20. software	програмне забезпечення

Exercise1. Match the words with their definitions.

(to estimate, software, preliminary, alignment, output)

1. happening before something that is more important, often in order to prepare for it;

2. the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine, factory;

3. the sets of programs that tell a computer how to do a particular job;

4. to try to judge the value, size, speed, cost etc. of something without calculating it exactly;

5. the state of being arranged in a line with something or parallel to something.

Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.

The planning process.

A transit system is only one of many types of facilities and services that governments provide for their citizens. Its importance varies greatly from city to city, depending on the size, density and settlement pattern of the city. Therefore, transit planning should be integrated with comprehensive planning for the future of a city so that the transit system complements other public goals. Transportation planning has several levels and time frames. Long-range planning typically has a horizon of 20 years and involves major projects with a long lead time. Short-range planning focuses on the next 3 to 5 years and involves more modest changes that can be implemented fairly quickly. Service or operational planning deals with day-today operations of a transit system, such as scheduling of service and adjustments to bus routes.

When seeking federal aid for major investments, a transit planning agency must go through a process involving four phases:

1. System planning. This is long-range planning for the entire urban area. It involves examining alternative systems at a general level, evaluating their potential cost-effectiveness, and identifying a priority corridor for the next major improvement. The output is a system planning report that is submitted to the Federal Transit Administration (FTA).

2. Alternatives analysis. This study is a detailed comparison of several alternatives for the priority corridor, including a base case or null alternative. It results in selection of a preferred alternative. This report must be accompanied by a draft Environmental Impact Statement.

3. Preliminary engineering. This work on the preferred alternative determines technical feasibility; establishes specific alignments, grades, and station locations; and makes detailed cost estimates. The output is submitted along with a final Environmental Impact Statement.

4. Final design. In this phase, engineers prepare the final plans and specifications that will be used by contractors. By this point, there should be only minor decisions to make, and cost estimates should not change much.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

1. What are the main peculiarities of transit planning integration?

2. Explain the difference between long-range and short-range planning.

3. What are the tasks of service planning?

4 .Describe the first phase of transit planning.

5. What is null alternative? What phase is connected with this term?

6. Name the outputs of every phase.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Важливість транспортної системи залежить від розміру міста,

густоти населення і схеми житлових будинків.

2 .Довгострокове планування здійснюється терміном на 20 років.

3 .Операційне планування має справу із щоденними завданнями

транспортної системи, які стосуються складання графіку паса-

жирських перевезень і внесення поправок у маршрути автобусів.

4 .Системне планування – це довгострокове планування розвитку

транспортної системи на усій міській території.

Exercise 5. Change into passive.

1. They should integrate transit planning with comprehensive planning for the future of a city.

2. The work on the preferred alternative determines technical feasibility.

3. In the final design phase, engineers prepare the final plans and specifications.

4. The planning profession has accepted a rational planning paradigm.

5 .Construction of the interstate highway system stimulated the use of highway planning techniques.

Exercise 6. Make up a dialogue on the topic “The gaps in Ukrainian transit planning”. Use the phrases:

- I was wondering if you’d ever thought of…… - True enough.

- I’ll tell you what… - That’s not right!

- I see what you mean, but … - My personal opinion is…

- I’m exactly of the same opinion…… - Personally, I think that….

Part B

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

The important steps in planning process

The process takes several years. Most planning agencies follow a rational planning paradigm that has been widely accepted in the planning profession. The important steps in this process are emphasized here

a. Establishing goals and objectives

2. Formulating alternatives

3. Estimating the performance of the alternatives

4. Evaluating the alternatives

Setting goals and objectives involves policy decisions at the highest level. But some significant questions should be answered before the planning process proceeds. First, is the transit system intended to attract drivers away from their automobiles, or is it mainly to aid people who do not have access to an automobile? The answer will depend on local conditions. In large metropolitan areas where freeway congestion seems intolerable, removing private vehicles from the roads may be dominant goal. In smaller cities, where traffic moves relatively well, priority should go to serving the transportation disadvantaged.

Second, should transit service emphasize delivery of commuters or dispersed travel throughout the central city and perhaps the suburbs? The two targets call for different kinds of service. Some large cities serve both markets well.

Third, who will pay for transit and how? Most transit systems operate a deficit. Policy makers must decide how much service is needed and how much tax support is acceptable.

The second step in the process – formulation of alternatives – remains something of an art. It is still largely an intuitive design exercise. Estimating the performance of alternatives is the most highly developed part of the process. Evaluation often involved standard methodologies such as benefit/cost analysis or cost effectiveness analysis.

Major advances in the methodology of transportation planning occurred in the 1960s, concurrently with the spread of electronic computers. Most of the techniques were first used in highway planning, which was stimulated by construction of the interstate highway system. Gradually the techniques were applied to transit planning, with suitable modifications. An integrated software package called the Urban Transportation Planning System (UTPS), was widely used for many years. It was applied to large networks, containing many thousands of links and representing the road or transit system of a whole metropolitan area. EMME/2, developed at the University of Montreal, is considered the most advanced. Anyone expecting to become a transportation planner should take a course in this methodology.

Exercise2. Read the words and translate them into Ukrainian.

emphasize, estimate, significant, congestion, intolerable, concurrently, modification, performance, technique, suitable.

Exercise3. Use the endings below to form nouns or adjectives.

-able, -ation, -ion, -ance.

create, comfort, form, inspect, understand, interpret, inform, allow, resist, invent, reflect.

Exercise4. Answer the questions.

1 .What are the important steps of planning process that are followed by most agencies?

2. What is the intention of transit system?

3. What is the most highly developed part of the planning process?

4. What software technique has been developed in the methodology of transportation planning?

Exercise5. Translate into English.

1 Серед важливих кроків процесу планування можна виділити: визначення цілей та завдань, формування альтернатив та оцінка виконання альтернатив.

2. Чи потребує транспортна система зменшення кількості приватних приватних водіїв або ж надання допомоги тим, хто не має власного автомобіля?

3. Основні зміни у методиці транспортного планування з’яви-

лися у 60-х роках із поширенням електронного комп’ютера.

4. Політики мають вирішити, який обсяг транспортних служб потрібен і який розмір податків є для цього прийнятним.

Exercise 6. Annotate the text using the phrases.

The subject of the text is……; The author described….; The purpose of this article is…..; It is pointed out that….; The author tells us about…..; The text also discusses…..; The next part of the text is devoted to…..; Further the author describes….etc.

Lesson 2.

Part A

Essential vocabulary

1..to implement	впровадити	21. to transmit	передавати
2 .transit	перевезення	22 energy consumption	енерговитрати
3 .suburban	приміський	23. rubber tire	гумовий обід колеса
4. commuter	житель передмістя	24. overhead	надземний
5 .coach	пасажирський вагон	25 .flexibility	маневреність
6 .self- propelled car	самохідний вагон	26. to alight	висаджуватись
7. terminal	кінцева станція	27. sidewalk	тротуар
8 .ridership	транзитні перевезення	28 .double- decker	двоповерховий автобус
9. average speed	середня швидкість	29. predominant	домінуючий
10.freeway	автострада	30. articulated bus	високоманевре- ний автобус
11 .heavy rail	широка заліз-нична колія	31 .hinge	шарнір
12 .track	колія	32 .diesel engine	дизельний двигун
13. spacing	відстань, інтервал	33. fuel	паливо
14. to power	приводити в дію (в рух)	34. current	(електричний) струм
15. roadbed	полотно дороги	35 .to disengage	вимикати
16 .to fence	обгородити	36 .to skip	пропускати
17 .steel wheel	сталеве колесо	37 .rush hour	час пік
18 .vehicles	рухомий склад	38. traffic congestion	затор
19 .guideway	напрямна колія	39. controversial issue	спірне питання
20 .advantage	перевага	40. media accounts	відгук ЗМІ

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.

Conventional Transit Modes

There are three general families of transit modes: rail, bus, and paratransit. Suburban railroad service for commuters, also called commuter rail or regional rail, was started by the intercity railroads as a sideline before the Civil War. This system is characterized by heavy equipment, high maximum speeds, and slow acceleration and deceleration. Usually locomotives pull trains of passenger coaches, but some self-propelled cars were made. The routes are typically 25 to 50 miles long and lead to a sub-end terminal in the central business district. One distinctive aspect of this mode is that the service is often of high quality. Trains run at speeds up to 80 miles per hour, and there are enough seats so that normally every passenger gets one. This is the only transit mode with average speeds that compete with driving on freeways.

Heavy rail used to be referred to as subway-elevated because most tracks were located either underground or on structures elevated over streets and alleys. Now it is common to lay tracks at the ground level. Heavy rail is intended primarily to serve travel within the central city, although the newer systems often have lines extending into the suburbs. Stations are fairly close together; the average spacing is about a mile. All systems are electrically powered and each car has its own motor. Hence stations have high platforms, and tracks put at ground level are fenced. Most system use steel wheels on steel rails. The French pioneered a design in which vehicles have rubber tires and run on a concrete guideway. This design has the advantages that it is quieter, the ride is more comfortable, and vibrations from the trains are not transmitted to the ground. However, energy consumption is higher, and there are climatic limitations: the tires can generate excessive heat in the summer. Snow and ice cause traction problems, so an underground alignment is required in the cities with cold winters.

Light rail is currently the most popular form of rail transit being proposed for U.S. cities. Often the track is laid in the street in places, but much of it is located underground, on elevated guideway, or within a freeway right-of-way. It is safer than the heavy rail because the electricity comes from an overhead wire instead of the third rail. There is no need to fence the track, and it can operate in the street. It offers more flexibility than heavy rail: it can be put in a street and passengers can board and alight from the sidewalk.

Bus transit is well known since it is the most common form of urban public transportation in the United States. About two-thirds of all transit passenger trips are made by bus. Most transit agencies use a type of bus designed specifically for urban use. It is approximately 40 feet long, seating configurations vary, but most buses have 47 to 53 seats. Many smaller models of buses are available, sometimes they are called minibuses. Usually they have 20 to 30 seats. Double-decker buses are still predominant in Great Britain as well as other places that were once part of the British Empire (such as Hong Kong). More popular worldwide are articulated buses, which have a hinge in the middle and bend to go around corners. They have 66 to 72 seats and three or four doors. Electric buses, also called trolley buses are still used. They have two trolley poles and use two overhead wires, one bringing the current and one returning it. They ride on rubber tires and can maneuver in the street, as long as the trolleys do not become disengaged. Of course, they cannot pass one another. Conventional bus service involves frequent stops along the entire route (8 to 10 designated stops per mile is typical In the past 20 years, many cities have built special roadways or designated special lanes for buses to raise their speed.

Selection of a transit mode is often a controversial issue and may be highly politicized. Claims and counterclaims provide material for public debate and media accounts.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

1. What kinds of transit modes operate in the English-speaking countries?

3. When was the suburban railroad service for commuters started?

4. What is one distinctive aspect of the suburban railroad service?

5. Why did heavy rail use to be referred to as subway-elevated?

6. Who pioneered a design in which vehicles have rubber tires and run on a concrete guideway?

7. What is the most popular form of rail transit in the cities? Give your arguments.

8. What type of bus is designed specifically for urban use in the USA?

9. Are double-decker buses still predominant only in Great Britain?

10.What transit improvements for buses were aimed at raising their speed?

Exercise 4. Give the nouns for the following adjectives.

electric, particular, suburban, distinctive, spacious, climatic, excessive, popular, modern, available, frequent, special.

Exercise 5. Match the words given in the previous exercise and make up word-combinations.

railroad, transit mode, motors, version, compartment, form, minibuses, heat, roadways, stops, aspect, limitations.

Exercise 6. Paraphrase the sentences using the infinitive. Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the first sentence.

1 Learning how to live in space is difficult. It’s ……..how to live in space.

2. Eating in weightless conditions isn’t easy. It isn’t……in weightless conditions.

3. Taking enough exercise is difficult. It’s ……enough exercise.

4. Being in good health is very important for astronauts. It’s very important for astronauts…..in good health.

5. Imagining what astronauts have to do is difficult. It’s……what astronauts have to do.

6. Living a completely normal life in space is impossible. It’s…….. a completely normal life in space.

7 .Going into space is never boring. It’s never………into space.

8. Returning to Earth makes most astronauts feel happy. Most astronauts feel…….to Earth.

Exercise 7. Make up a dialogue using the material of the text and the following conversational phrases and questions.

- To begin with… - Could you tell me…?

- Do you know…? - The most important thing is …..

- Do you happen to know…? - Is it true that…?

- I’m convinced that… - I’ve heard that…

- Is it really true? - Generally speaking…

- I’d like to know if…? - Besides that, …

- Could you explain why / where.. ?

- The real problem is … - What is your opinion about?

- That’s probably true, but .. - What do you think of ?

- That’s just not true! - I wonder if you…?

- Do you agree with…?

Part B

Exercise 1. Read and translate the text

Water transportation

Ferry service was once common in U.S. cities, it is still important in several of them, as well as elsewhere in the world. The Federation of transportation considers ferries that carry pedestrians to be mass transit and has made grants for them.

Seattle has the largest ferry network in the USA. There are 23 boats, which carry 7 million vehicles and 17 million passengers per year across Puget Sound. The nine routes are mostly used by commuters from suburban towns; the trips take between 10 minutes and 1 hour. The state of Washington took over this system in 1951; it subsidizes the operation, but fares pay 70 % of operating costs.

These services use conventional boats. However, two new types of water craft using advanced technology are suitable for ferries. One is the hydrofoil, which has “wings” submerged in the water. At a high speed (about 30 miles per hour), the hull rises out of the water, reducing drag, and the ship accelerates to a speed of 50 to 60 miles per hour. Hydrofoils have been widely used in Europe for years, particularly in Russia, Norway and Italy. Although Boeing manufactures them, very few have been used in the United States.

The pioneering work on the hydrofoil was done by Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone. Late in his life he settled in Nova Scotia and did research on the airplane. Little came of this, but he applied some of his ideas to boats. He built a hydrofoil that reached a speed of 71 miles per hour on Lake Baddeck in 1918. This was the world speed record for boats for many years. The U.S. Navy supported his research during World War I, but later lost interest, and the momentum moved to other countries.

The second type of watercraft suitable for ferries is the hovercraft. It contains powerful fans that blow downward and lift the boat a few inches off the water; there are rubber skirts to confine the air. Another set of motors operates propellers that move the vehicle forward. In principle, hovercraft can run over land, but normally it is used only on water. It has some disadvantages: it is very noisy, cannot operate in high waves, and can be damaged by floating debris.

The best example is the ferry service across the English Channel. These ships are surprisingly large (each can carry 254 passengers plus 30 automobiles) and fast (cruising speed is 60 miles per hour). There are currently no hovercrafts in commercial service in the United States.