3. What are the main difficulties in rendering of the tense forms of the verb from English into Ukrainian and back?

4. Comment upon rendering of the English and Ukrainian forms of the verb expressing unreality.

5. What factors may cause problems in rendering of the affirmative and negative constructions?

6. Comment on the perception of the “inner syntactic structure” of the SL messages by simultaneous interpreters.

7. What is the impact of the word order and functional sentence perspective of messages on the process of simultaneous interpreting?

   Practical assignments

   Assignment 1. Give Ukrainian words and expressions equivalent to the following English ones from Text 11.1. Compare your options with the keys.

   to congratulate our Rapporteur; combating unemployment; social exclusion; second chance schools; disadvantageous social categories; Draft Resolution

   Assignment 2.

   Step 1. Listen to the phonogram of Text 11.1 looking into its transcript paying special attention to the heavy non-native accent (pronunciation and intonation) of the speaker and incorrect grammar in certain instances.

   Step 2. Interpret Text 11.1 into Ukrainian in a simultaneous mode this time without looking into its transcript paying special attention to the non-native English accent of the speaker and his incorrect grammar. Having done this, rewind the tape at your workstation and listen to the results of your work focusing on your mistakes and thinking of how to improve the quality of your interpretation.

   Text 11.1 Transcript of the speech of Mr Telek (Turkey) at the Plenary Session of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 1999

   President: I am looking around the room to see if Mr Kostytsky from Ukraine is present, apparently, he is not present either and fortunately Mr Telek from Turkey is present. You have the floor!

   Mr Telek: Mr President, dear colleagues!

   First of all, I would like to congratulate our Rapporteur for his successful work on the important issue of combating unemployment and social exclusion by means of education and training. We agree with the Rapporteur that second chance schools offer an important opportunity for unqualified young people to acquire necessary qualification in order to obtain a job. We believe that this system would offer them a real chance to become integrated into society. Second chance schools would, therefore, amass the formation of social cohesion and prevention of social exclusion in Europe. For all those reasons, the idea to extend second chance schools in Europe is a good one depending on the needs of the population. The establishment of these schools is especially important in the context of the integration of migrant population in Western European societies.

   We believe that second chance schools have to offer a high quality professional education; furthermore, they have to take into consideration the needs of disadvantageous social categories including the non-nationals, who deserve a special attention. Furthermore, it should not be forgotten that due to cultural or linguistic adaptation process of young migrants they should not be automatically directed to the second chance schools.

   Finally, let me stress that in the [unintelligible], I just made; we are in favour of the ideas contained in the Draft Resolution.

   Thank you very much!

   http://www.coe.int

   Assignment 3. Give English words and expressions equivalent to the following Ukrainian ones from Text 11.2. Compare your options with the keys.

   Ігор Слісаренко (журналіст, ведучий 5-го телеканалу); Європейська Комісія; Беніта Ферреро-Вальднер; судова влада; Ганс-Гердт Поттерінг (Президент Європарламенту); Європейський парламент (Європарламент); Європейський Союз; ГУАМ (“Організація за демократію та економічний розвиток”, скор. походить від назв країн-члені організації: Грузія, Україна, Азербайджан, Молдова); Грузія (Республіка Грузія, держава на Кавказі на узбережжі Чорного Моря, столиця – м. Тбілісі); Азербайджан (Республіка Азербайджан, держава на Кавказі на узбережжі Каспійського моря, столиця – м. Баку); Молдова (Republica Moldova, Республіка Молдова, держава у південно-східній Європі, має у своєму складі дві автономії: Придністров’я та Гагаузію, столиця – Кишинів або, згідно із сучасним написанням, Кишинеу); Міллі Меджліс (назва вищого законодавчого органу Азербайджану); джек-пот; водій-дальнобійник; ажіотаж; Небраска; Ед Нейборз; лотерея; виграш (у лотерею); палата лордів; парламентаризм; Лінд Гілрой; палата представників (тут палата громад британського парламенту); Мануель Урібе; Леонора Гарза; прикордонниці; благодійний; вечорниці (український звичай неодруженої молоді, яка сходиться вечорами для розваг, люди жартують, співають, танцюють під музику); русини; Закарпаття; корінна нація; національна меншина; перепис населення; автомат (стрілецька зброя); загін; стріляти влучно; Бердянськ (місто в Запорізькій області, райцентр на узбережжі Азовського моря); ДПСУ (скор. від Державна прикордонна служба України); очко (у грі, змаганнях); розряд (у спорті); автоматизовані системи управління; рос. захват самолета (захоплення літака терористами); рос. пограничный контроль (прикордонний контроль); милиці; мед. візок (інвалідний візок); розм. вишиванка (українська вишита сорочка)

   Assignment 4.

   Step 1. Listen to the phonogram of Text 11.2 looking into its transcript paying special attention at grammatical difficulties of certain spontaneous source messages.

   Step 2. Interpret Text 11.2 into English in a simultaneous mode this time without looking into its transcript. Pay special attention that discourse in some of its parts is bilingual: some people speak Ukrainian, while other – Russian. Having done this, rewind the tape at your workstation and listen to the results of your work focusing on your mistakes and thinking of how to improve the quality of your interpretation.

   Text 11.2 Час: новини

   Доброго ранку! Сподіваюся, від дійсно для Вас добрий! Далі про головні події в Україні і світу від служби інформації П’ятого каналу. Я Ігор Слісаренко.

   Ігор Слісаренко, ведучий: 494 мільйони євро фінансової допомоги від Європейської Комісії отримає Україна в наступні три роки в межах європейської політики сусідства. Офіційно про це сьогодні в Брюсселі повідомить Президента Ющенка Комісар Євросоюзу Беніта Ферреро-Вальднер. Гроші направлять на співпрацю в галузі енергетики, керування міграцією, безпеку кордонів на посилення ефективності судової влади. І вже в Брюсселі особисту підтримку обіцяв Ющенку Президент Європарламенту Ганс-Гердт Поттерінг. Про це він оголосив журналістам після зустрічі. Поттерінг назвав Ющенка, цитую: “дуже надійною і впевненою людиною” і зауважив, що Україна є європейською країною і вона має крок за кроком іти до реалізації своїх прагнень. Нагадаємо: напередодні, перебуваючи в Польщі, Віктор Ющенко висловив сподівання, що нову посилену угоду між Україною та Європейським Союзом підпишуть вже в жовтні місяці.

   B.A. Ющенко, Президент України: Ми хочемо активно перейти в переговорний процес, маючи на увазі, що жовтневий самміт “Україна-Європейський Союз”, який, ми надіємося, буде проходити в Києві, дасть можливість прийняти відповідну угоду. Для нас є принципово важливим проведення в найближчі шість-сім місяців активного переговорного процесу з Європейським Союзом відносно формування ключових положень посиленої угоди “Україна-Європейський Союз”.

   Ігор Слісаренко, ведучий: Парламент Азербайджану більшістю голосів ухвалив документи про секретаріат та процедурні правила “Організації за демократію та економічний розвиток” – ГУАМ, до якої входять Грузія, Україна, Азербайджан та Молдова. Міллі Меджліс Азербайджану оголосив, що підписані в травні на самміті лідерів країн ГУАМу в Києві документи відіграють важливу роль у розвитку традиційного співробітництва та дружніх зв’язків між країнами-учасницями ГУАМ. Нагадаємо, що у грудні минулого року Президент Ющенко визначив як нагальні для позачергового розгляду Верховною Радою проект Закону “Про ратифікацію Статуту ГУАМ”. Але днями, колишній міністр закордонних справ Борис Тарасюк звинуватив фракцію Партію регіонів у блокуванні ратифікації Статуту ГУАМ.

   До подій за межами України.

   У Сполучених Штатах найбільший джек-пот в історії азартних ігор зірвали двоє людей – 390 мільйонів доларів. Поталанило водієві-дальнобійникові, який, тепер вже мільйонером, хоче зайнятися рибальством. А от ім’я другого щасливця досі невідоме. Розіграш величезних грошей спричинив справжній ажіотаж в Америці – люди скуповували квитки пачками, адже вартість одного становила лише долар. Тільки в Нью-Йорку за годину розібрали мільйон квитків. Торік фортуна посміхнулася працівникам м’ясокомбінату в штаті Небраска. Тоді вісім робітників розділили виграш у 365 мільйонів доларів.

   Ед Нейборз, переможець лотереї: Я досі не можу прийти до тями, у мене оніміли руки, коли я дізнався про виграш. Я довго сидів і просто дивився на цифри – хвилин п’ятнадцять чи двадцять.

   Ігор Слісаренко, ведучий: палату лордів в Британії хочуть реформувати. Нижня палата проголосувала за те, щоб лорди не призначалися королевою, а обиралися простим людом, проте, остаточного рішення ще немає. Напередодні ввечері обговорювали дев’ять варіантів майбутнього палати лордів, лише два з яких ухвалили. Компромісна пропозиція передбачає, що 80% лордів пройдуть за результатами виборів, лише 20 – призначатиме королева. Лунала ідея цілковитої ліквідації інституту лордів. Палата лордів – один із найстаріших інституцій британського парламентаризму, йому шістсот років. І, хоча, лорди мають небагато повноважень, їх часто критикують за затримку ухвалення законів. Останню невдалу спробу реформувати палату лордів зробили у 2003-му році.

   Лінд Гілрой, палата представників: Я помітила, що майже всі мої колеги дотримуються схожої думки, Всі знають, що палата лордів довгий час стоїть на місці, їй потрібний рух. Отже в наших силах щось змінити.

   Ігор Слісаренко, ведучий: Мексиканець Мануель Урібе, який раніше важив близько півтони, в перше за останні п’ять років вирушив на прогулянку. Це стало можливим після того, як чоловік за допомогою спеціальної дієти схуд на 120 кілограмів. Тепер він важить 380! Ліжко на коліщатках за допомогою крану опустили на вантажівку, яку підігнали до будинку Урібе. Подивитися на це зібралися десятки фотографів та журналістів. Чоловіка провезли міською площею та повз церкву. За організацію такої прогулянки Мануель подякував своїй сусідці.

   Мануель Урібе: На вулиці дуже гарною. Особлива подяка моєму другові, який усе це організував.

   Леонора Гарза, сусідка Мануеля Урібе: Я ним дуже пишаюся і сподіваюся, що Бог дасть йому сили і надалі лікуватися.

   Ігор Слісаренко, ведучий: А про новини із різних куточків України дізнавайтеся вже за мить у випуску “Часу регіонів”.

   Час: регіони

   Ведуча: кримські прикордонниці визначали, хто з них краще стріляє. Змагання приурочили до жіночого свята.

   У Вінниці пенсіонери організували благодійний бал.

   Хмельницька молодь розважалася на українських вечорницях: музика лише вітчизняна, напої виключно безалкогольні.

   Ведуча: Русини визнані корінною нацією Закарпаття. Таке рішення напередодні було ухвалено на Сесії Обласної Ради. Тепер Закарпатська адміністрація при фінансуванні національних меншин області буде враховувати і потреби щодо розвитку мови, культури, традицій і звичаїв русинів, а ними під час останнього перепису населення визнали себе понад десять тисяч закарпатців.

   У Криму жінки-прикордонниці змагалися у стрільбі з автомата та пістолета на кубок Начальника азово-чорноморського регіонального управління. Спеціально до змагань кожен прикордонний загін підготував жіночу команду, а після перевірки мішені, з’ясувалося, що ані манікюр, ані модні зачіски не заважають стріляти влучно. Кращою за сумою вибитих балів стала команда прикордонниць із Бердянська. Втім, жодна із жінок учасниць не залишилась без квітів та заохочувальних призів.

   Олег Нишпор, Заступник начальника Азовсько-чорноморського управління ДПСУ: Конечно по-разному! Но я вот посмотрел предварительные результаты – у нас уже одна женщина на автомате выбила 92 очка из 100! Это уже – второй разряд, мужской, спортивный по стрельбе. Это очень здорово! Ну, подведем итоги – тогда узнаем, а в принципе, ни в чем они не уступают мужчинам.

   Вікторія Костур, Начальник відділу автоматизованих систем управління севастопольського загону ДПСУ: Ну, я считаю, что женщине идет оружие, потому, что, я считаю, что оружие – это очень красиво. Раньше я была инспектором пограничного контроля, вот… . Мы … у нас были часто тренировки по захвату самолета – я а аэропорту служила – террористами, то есть все это было чаще.

   Ведуча: Вінницькі пенсіонери організували благодійний бал. Така акція відбулася в місті вперше. Вони поставили за мету зібрати кошти на банк медичного обладнання, щоби кожна літня людина могла за невеликі гроші отримати на місяць-другий милиці чи візок. Меценатів запросили заздалегідь, проте їх прийшло менше, ніж очікували. На аукціоні пенсіонери продавали свої вироби – хустки, скатертини, вишивку. Для членів Асоціації дівчата з коледжу конструювання одягу демонстрували вечірні сукні. Грав міліцейський оркестр. Пенсіонери веселилися як могли та зібрали на банк медичного обладнання трохи більше трьох тисяч гривень.

   У Хмельницьку вперше відбулася українська дискотека. Організатори спробували поєднати традиції українських вечорниць із сучасною музикою Приурочили захід до шевченківських свят. Понад двісті молодих людей протягом трьох годин розважалися виключно під пісні українських виконавців Головна особливість свята – сувора заборона на спиртні напої. Усіх нетверезих спроваджували без зайвих слів, а ось тим, хто прийшов у вишиванках, навіть квитки продавали дешевше. Надалі організатори планують влаштовувати такі розваги щомісяця.

   Андрій Попик, Голова молодіжної організації “Подільський полк характерного козацтва”: Ми хочемо долучати нашу молодь хмельницьку, власне, до культурного відпочинку тому, що зараз на дискотеках, власне, як ви знаєте, бувають такі речі, коли приходять п’яні, обкурені люди. Ми встановили якби власний такий контроль на дверях. Не пускаємо сюди таких підозрілих елементів для того, щоб люди, які сюди прийшли, могли себе впевнено почувати, що вони тут відпочинуть культурно, а не отримують по зубах чи по носі.

   http://5.ua/ 8.03.2007

   Assignment 5. Give Ukrainian words and expressions equivalent to the following English ones from Text 11.3. Compare your options with the keys.

   sustainability; dioxide capture technology; mortars; research and development; informal reality checker (someone, who perform “reality check” – an occasion when you consider the facts of a situation, as opposed to what you would like or what you have imagined [Longman 2006: 1271]; commitment; stunning; Birkenstock (Birkenstock wearing, Novato, California, a U.S. shoe manufacturing company, originally a German brand. Birkenstock shoes are worn with or without socks, the choice is generally based on the outside temperature); Oregon (a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA); to plough huge amounts of money (here to force a way violently for investments); Geffen LTD (a U.S. company in Santa Monica, California, USA); clean-up; twiddles; a per capita basis; David Arkless (representative of the Manpower, UK); International Organisation on Migration; to hearten (syn to embolden, encourage, inspirit); Gerd Leipold (Executive Director, Greenpeace International); Greenpeace (an international environmental organization founded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1971, official site: http://www.greanpeace.org/); hippie, hippy (pl hippies, refers to a subgroup of the 1960s and early 1970s counterculture that found its earliest beginnings in the United States becoming a social group in 1965 before declining during the mid-1970s. Hippies inherited a tradition of cultural dissent from the bohemians and the beatniks, rebelled against established institutes, criticized middle class values, in the U.K. opposed nuclear weapons and in the USA – the Vietnam War, promoted sexual liberation and the taking of psychedelic drugs, created international communities [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippy]); to ramp up; chlorofluorocarbons (haloalcanes or halogenoalkanes are a group of chemical components, consisting of alkanes, such as methane or ethane, with one or more halogens linked, such as chlorine or fluorine making a type of organic triangle. They have a negative impact on the environment such as ozone depletion. The most widely known family within this group are chlorofluorocarbons – CFCs [http://en/wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon]); ozone layer; to retch up; mindset; colloq, prof *renewables (renewable energy sources); to mimic (passive to be mimicking); awareness (also often public awareness); grassroots (also grassroots level); Al Gore movie (a documentary film called “An Inconvenient Truth”, made in 2006 by the former U.S. Vice-President Al Gore, tells about global warming, warns that it is much more worse than originally predicted and capable of destroying the planet [http:///www.algore.com; http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/movies/272558_warning02.html]); worrisome; the point of no return; ice sheet; fracturing of society; Chandra Ghoorah (Youth Officer, Mauritius); Mauritius (The Republic of Mauritius is an island nation off the coast of Africa in the southwest Indian Ocean, is a part of Mascarene Islands, includes the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Algalega Islands, the capital city – Port Louis, population – 1,219,200 people); AmE, colloq plum (advantageous offer, order, contract, sl titbit, tasty morsel); festering; Joseph (Joe) Nye Professor from the John F. Kennedy School of Government, USA); to plank the weak (here most probably colloq = to pay for the poor); carbon sequestration (a term describing process that removes carbon from the atmosphere. To help mitigate global warming, a variety of means of artificially capturing and storing carbon – as well as of enhancing natural sequestration processes are being explored); coal field; compact (here syn of a deal, agreement, contract); balling (here most probably syn for amalgamation, group of enterprises, conglomeration); Microsoft (a U.S. based giant computer software company, California), Arty (Arty Media, Inc., San Mateo, California, USA, a company focused on providing web enabled applications to address business challenges); Starbucks (Starbucks Coffee Company, a U.S. corporation based in Seattle, California, has branches in Austria, Germany, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland); Vayne Jones; Oakland (the eighth largest city in California, USA, founded in 1852 with a population of 477,755 people); idiom in gloom-and-doom; to retrofit; Gozia Consuella; Nigeria (the Federal Republic of Nigeria – a country in West Africa and the most populous country in Africa – 140 million people, the capital city since 1991 has been Abuja); to mitigate; neol electability (explained in the Internet as “the ability to enjoy the trust of the public to be elected”); colloq, diplomat to flunk on (to avoid from speaking publicly, to be the cause of trouble); ecol, neol watchdog (watchdog agency, organisation – an independent oversight body, an observer)

   Assignment 6.

   Step 1. Listen to the phonogram of Text 11.3 looking into its transcript paying special attention at grammatical peculiarities of certain spontaneous source messages. Try to detect what these grammatical peculiarities are.

   Step 2. Interpret Text 11.3 into Ukrainian in a simultaneous mode this time without looking into its transcript. Pay special attention to the non-native English accent of some speakers (representatives of some European, African and Asian Countries) as well as at the differences between the British English (the BBC presenter, Nik Gowing, and other representatives of the UK), American English (representatives of the USA) and Australian accents (representative of Australia). Having done this, rewind the tape at your workstation and listen to the results of your work focusing on your mistakes and thinking of how to improve the quality of your interpretation.

   Text 11.3 bbc World : “The World Debate” Debate on climate change 27.01. 2007

   (Part 2)

   (Continued from Unit 10, see Text 10.1)

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Let’s explore the business role in this. Claus Kleinfeld, when you hear that and you see the various different new frameworks you’re having to work within, how are you, as an enormous employer around the world having to consider changing your model of how you make profit and sustain … and have sustainability at the same time?

   Klaus Kleinfeld, President and CEO, Siemens: Perhaps you’re right. It has enormous impacts. On the one hand we are very strong in equipment for energy production and we have to continue to invest and invest in more to make it more energy efficient production and make it more environmental friendly. Just to give you an indication – if today our coal fired plants would be brought up to the most recent level of innovation, the CO² emission from that alone would reduce CO² emission from all coal fired plants by 25%. If we would then apply carbon dioxide capture technology, it would bring it down to saving 80% of it. So, that’ the type of innovation, that’s one aspect how we can tackle it.

   The second one is – we can use … use less … energy. For instance, in the industrial environment – have more efficient mortars, get into lightning. New lights that we have, energy saving lights, have the same brightness but use only 10% of the energy.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Is this driving all your business plans where you have urgency?

   Klaus Kleinfeld, President and CEO of Siemens: Absolutely! Absolutely!

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Because many out there would be sceptical about the whole …[overlapping]

   Klaus Kleinfeld, President and CEO of Siemens: You know, it’s a big issue. We invest … invested last year 5.7 billion euro into research and development. And, if I look at where we invested that, I would say that minimum 60 to 70% was exactly into that category going directly into energy efficiency or environmental friendly aspects of it. It’s fundamental. Even if there are certain questions still remaining which, I believe, there are, the question is: do we have time to clarify those and isn’t it better to take the actions with a little bit of uncertainty now and take all of those actions, and there are plenty actions, there are plenty actions, I think, almost everyone can take in their own environment, in the business environment that also have the good news here – environmental friendly aspects very often, if you calculate it right, go in line with an economic model.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Den Esty is the reality checker, the challenger. In your book you warn about business and what you called not “brainwashing” or “white washing” but “green washing”.

   Dan Esty, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy: Well, there’s a really important difference between a commitment to take action and a big talk without the action. And there are some companies that are talking and some that are acting. I think, what we see here, though, and you are witnessing in Davos right now, is quite a revolution in how we do environmental protection. We’re shifting from a model where government not only sets the direction but “drives the bus”. And I think, what we gonna see is a new model, where government is playing the role of navigator, sets the timetable, sets the direction, but then business is the one who’s got to drive. And business is the right place to put that burden because, I think, you gonna get more creative … creativity, more innovation. And what’s stunning as well, is that, I think, we really need note of your asking “How wide is the change?” And this is where business is playing a big role! The alternative energy world is no longer the domain of some Birkenstock wearing, wing power types out on some Oregon farm. We now have the biggest, mightiest companies in the world – Siemens, BP, General Electric in the United States – that are ploughing huge amounts of money into making this a part of their future. In fact, in the United States, you’ve got Geffen LTG – the best company on this, more efficient jet engines, more efficient locomotives, wind power, solar power – this is a dramatic change around as to who is gonna drive us towards the future that so many around the room here are looking for!

   Participants are speaking altogether, there’s a lot of noise, laughter [overlapping, unintelligible].

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: David Miliband, the British Environment Secretary, you hear that about creating the framework. As you say, you’ve been in the job for seven months. You’ve already talked very openly within your Labour Party about the danger of political parties, who don’t embrace this becoming unelectable. What about business as well?

   David Miliband, the British Environment Secretary: It seems to me absolutely clear – we all have house insurance not because our house is burning down, but because it might burn down. And it seems to me that this is a parallel for our responsibility here but as individuals, as businesses and as government. And I think that government does have a responsibility to ensure that business people, who are taking a bet that carbon will have a price approved right. Let’s face it: for a hundred and fifty years in our countries we’ve emitted carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from our energy and other activities as if it had no environmental or economic cost. In fact, it doesn’t just have an environmental cost, it has a grave economic cost. You know, the costs of clean-up are much greater then the costs of prevention. And in some, like the European Union, I applaud to what you’ve done in California. I think, it is really pioneering in the United States. But let’s just remember this – and you’ve now talked about this – to get your emissions down to 1990 levels – it’s good! But all the science shows that for the advanced industrialised countries we need to get our emissions down 40-50-60% below 1990 levels. And in my own country we’re going to be legislating this year for a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide levels below 1990 levels for every government in the future is going to have to follow and in the European Union – 20% below 1990 levels by twenty-twenty. Any politician, who tells you: “That’s not a big challenge to their philosophy” and politician from the right or the left, who says: “This is easy, we can just carry on with business as usual and do a couple of twiddles on this side” – they are not being straight with you. This is a fundamental challenge to the way we organise our economy, to the role of government in the economy, we shouldn’t be afraid of government that government hasn’t got the solutions on its own. And it’s a fundamental challenge to what we consider to be free assets on what we have to pay for.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Speaker Nunez, would you accept … could you’ve got those kind of figures we’re just heard from David Miliband, through in California?

   Fabian Nunez, Speaker, California State Assembly: Well, I think, what we’ve done is actually pretty significant. 1990 levels by year twenty-twenty are beyond twenty-twenty. Those levels are gonna go down dramatically. In California, you know, on a per capita basis just in terms of energy consumption over the last thirty years – it’s remained flat, while in the rest of the country our energy consumption has gone up 50% which is more emissions.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: David Arkless, Manpower, you represent the employment services – those, who work in many of the industries we are talking about.

   David Arkless, Manpower, UK: One of the biggest problems that we see, especially in our work with the International Organisation on Migration, is in China, India, parts of Eastern Europe and beyond. Let’s say, even Mexico is very fast depopulation for economic migration reasons which has caused a huge impact on the environment and causing climate change. And this is something that we all –governments’ employers, global employers – can do something about. We’ve got to start listening to our employee base because people are moving to where work is available – they are moving to the cities. And this will cause a problem that even technology cannot resolve in the next ten to fifteen years.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Gerd Leipold of Greenpeace. Are you heartened by this kind of discussion? Are things moving in the direction you have long wanted them to go?

   Gerd Leipold, Executive Director, Greenpeace International: I’m really pleasantly surprised by this development and it went at a speed which was unpredictable. I think, two years ago David Miliband considered the environment an issue for aging hippies like myself. And now, it’s the direct way to becoming Prime Minister already. And what we clearly see – this issue was led by science, it was led by the media and by the public by and large, driven forward, and what we see that politicians and business is trying to take the lead and probably we should turn allies but there were always politicians and business people, who did take it serious. There, I think, is a big danger at the moment, is that, I feel that our role as NGOs is being taken over by government and by business. They talk like us “we are concerned”, “we should do something”. But I would much more hear: “I will do”, “I have done”! I think we need to try much harder then we do at the moment.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Daniel Esty!

   Dan Esty, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy:

   So, I think, Gerd is right. You really do want people to step up and take action. But I would like to see that, as David Miliband has really shown some leadership in the U.K., because what you want is a … .

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Do you see others around the world doing the same thing?

   Dan Esty, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy: Well, what I wanna say is you see a signal that the energy future is gonna be different from the energy past and that is what’s critical! And in defence of the California action which was criticized a few moments ago as too modest – what we see in the history of environmental protection particularly at the global scale – is that’s it’s critical to get everyone into the game. Once they’re there with a commitment you can ramp it up for it overtime. That was the model that worked in the phase of chlorofluorocarbons that were breaking down the ozone layer; it’s the model that can work here. So the first step is a critical step and we should applaud that and the Speaker can be back in two years and say: “Look, folks, now we have all this investment, It’s not so expensive, we can do more. And you retch it up!” But it’s also important that we not do that too fast. Because that’s when people feel like they have to throw themselves in front of a train. So, let’s get people on board and ramp up but get as broader base of action going.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Virkam Akula, you’re from India and you are into Microfinance, you’re, if you like, the John Doerr of India. Are you going to be developing Microfinance at the much low level, of course, in India, which can change the mindset even of those, who are in the poorest but have got business ideas?

   Vikram K. Akula, CEO, SKS Microfinance, India: First of all, we have to have those countries, that are responsible for the problem, take leadership about that. Now, having said that, there is no doubt that India, China and other such countries need to get on board and obvious critical of the Indian government in not doing this in an affective way. Our energy strategy should be one based on *renewables and not mimicking the stupid things that have been done by other countries.

   Nick Gowing, BBC presenter: But, OK, who’s going to press that government in the way that you want? Is it going to come through the public, through an election in India?

   Vikram K. Akula, CEO, SKS Microfinance, India: Well, it’s gonna take the work of civil society organisations because right now at the general population level there is not an awareness of the connection between some of the climate change issues that are happening on the ground and the global climate change. So, there’s gotta be more civil society. It’s certainly not coming from the government. The government, I think, has taken far too moderate approach and in some ways is mimicking what’s happening in the United States. It’s gonna come from the grassroots, it’s gonna come from organisations like Greenpeace and others that are creating the solutions at the grassroots level.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Or could it be a body with version of Al Gore?

   Vikram K. Akula, CEO, SKS Microfinance, India: Perhaps!

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: I mean, I’m serious because of the impact that one single film has had on the public mindset and changing it. I mean, I don’t think, it’s been demographically calibrated unless anyone’s got some calibrations out there. Dan, what do you think about that?

   Dan Esty, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy: I think it’s quite clear that Al Gore “touched the nerve”. In fact, I think, one of the impressive things is how good he is at this! People say: “He’s funny, he’s relaxed”. And maybe his fun is too calling. So, I think, what you say …

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: But he also has a very forbidding message and a very worrying message: “You’ve got ten years!”

   Dan Esty, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy: Well, I think, it’s a forbidding message, it’s a worrisome message but it’s one that has got a lot of people then asking: “So, what next?” and a lot of excitement about following on from that with the opportunities that might be created.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Lester Brown from the Earth Policy Institute!

   Lester r. Brown, President, Earth Policy Institute:

   Time is, probably, the scarcest of all the reasons we have. And if we don’t move quickly, we run the risk that we will pass the point of no-return. Consider, for example, that three years from now scientists reach a consensus on the Greenland ice sheet and say the acceleration, we first picked up a few years ago, is real and we are going to lose the Greenland ice sheet and we’re going to see a rise in sea level of seven metres or 23 feet which means many of the world’s coastal cities would be under water, it means river flood plains in Asia, rice-growing river flood plains would be under water, for example. And what this could lead to? Is a new fracturing of society we’ve not seen before? We have seen before fracturing along racial lines and religious lines, and ethnic lines but not a serious fracturing along generational lines. But if this would have happened, the Greenland ice sheet is going to begin stopping, our youngsters, our grandchildren would be asking us: “How could you do this? Why didn’t you do something?” And they will be looking at the same scientific literature that we are looking at today and that has persuaded most of us of the urgency of acting.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Let’s go immediately to Chandra from Mauritius, Chandra Ghoorah from Mauritius. I hope you have the microphone there. You come from a place where the average temperature has gone up half a degree in the last thirty years, particularly in the last few years. Your rainfall is down 8% in thirty years, particularly in the last few years and much of your tourism industry is under threat because it may not have enough water. When you hear this debate coming from where you come from in the developing world, what do you think?

   Chandra Ghoorah, Youth Officer, Mauritius: Actually, emotions! I’m very anxious because it’s not really a big issue – climate change – and there is no sense of urgency, which we have to create, actually. There is no civic responsibility, public responsibility and corporate responsibility.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Dan Esty!

   Dan Esty, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy: You’re bringing out a critical point and that is that some of the most severe impacts will be in the developing world. So, the countries that are, like Mauritius, low-line islands, the ones near the equator, are already too hot in some cases and are facing real risks. So, I think, one of the real challenges is to engage these countries and bring them into the action. And whether it’s an Al Gore movie for the developing world or something else, it is critical that it be seen as a global problem with all of us in it together.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: I just want to pick up one thing that Lester Brown said. And I just asked Klaus Kleinfeld and also Ian Conn from BP. I have to say we have tried many times to get this kind of discussion going, particularly for chief executives from business, and they’ve all shied away. Now we’ve managed to do it. It shows how much things are moving. Would you have done this kind of debate a year ago?

   Klaus Kleinfeld, President and ceo, Siemens:

   I think I would but I have to really admit that the Al Gore movie was for me also a massive tipping point. And the awareness was significantly increased with that. And if I look at what has also changed – is that the public debate, particularly, also in the younger generation, I believe, in Europe. And, I mean, we have been focusing very much on political actions. What I’m a little concerned about is that at the end we’ll all say: “Hey, the politicians have to move and shift the responsibility away to a body, which is far away from any”.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Ian Conn from BP, would you have done this kind of interview or discussion programme a year ago?

   Ian Conn, Group Managing Director, BP: I’d like to think that I would have but the reality is, probably, I’ve learnt an awful lot the last year. I think large parts of this have come from being involved in public-private debate about “how” rather then “whether”. And that’s the big change for me. All over the world governments are starting to figure out how to do this. And what’s exciting for me, although it’s a lot of hard work and those solutions are not simple, is that we’re starting to understand which technological solutions could work and also which policy frameworks might also work. And that’s why I’m here today!

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: John Doerr!

   John Doerr, venture capitalist: A certain assertion at this conference that came from the consensus that wide pubic opinion has changed. There are three factors – one of those is that the abnormal climate that we’re witnessing now; a second has to do with price of the plum and the third surprisingly was the Al Gore movie. This movie, which we’ve been discussing, has been seen by three million viewers in just six months. Now a reviewer has said: “This is the most important movie of the decade and you must see it”. So far the audience that hasn’t, this “Inconvenient truth” is an important, powerful film.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: But again, trying to identify this dynamic, and I’m going to go to Professor Joe Nye from the John F. Kennedy School of Government in Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts. We’re talking about here a film, which was openly about advocacy. And one film having had this fundamental impact on a dynamic, which was festering as opposed to moving forward as we’ve just heard from the Greenpeace. Joe Nye!

   Joseph Nye, Kennedy School of Government, USA: Public opinion has changed and it’s changed for the better. But there are limits on the change. For example, the China problem, that one of you called “plank the weak”, could be eased if they used clean coal technology in carbon sequestration. But the economics of that part vary at market prices. The answer to that is we could provide subsidies from developed countries to help them put that in place. But the question I have is, probably, for David Miliband and Maria Cantwell. If you asked your *constituence: “Now, will you subsidise clean-coal technology?”, would they say to me: “Wait a minute, we’re already losing jobs to factories in China. Why should we give them a subsidy in addition?” Now, there aren’t certain limits to how far this opinion has changed.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: David Miliband, you come from a constituency in the Northeast of England which was, after all, the heart the industrial revolution, had coalfields all around it.

   David Miliband, the British Environment Secretary: And we still have coal fields all around but there’s no one working in them and it’s a *deindustrialised area. I don’t say to my *constituence: “Would you like to ship your job out to China?” But what we do have in the United Kingdom and all around Europe is that fully half of our greenhouse gas emissions are now part of the European emissions reduction plan. And that plan is important for two reasons: one – it reduces European emissions but it also generates funds that are invested today in the developing world in hydroelectric, in wind, in solar. So, what I would say to Joe, is: “Let’s not look for a subsidy root. We’ve created a market in Europe, a carbon market with a price cut for every ton of carbon in 2012 costs any company that does it about 17 to 18 euros per ton. And that generates big funds, whether there’s a little tax system in that has a levy, to create funds for the developing world. And that is the new compact with people like this gentleman here. We’ve got to get our little house in order and we’ve got to generate the funds so that you can help develop these solar, wind and other carbon capturing storage technologies in the developing world”.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Senator Maria Cantwell from Washington State!

   Maria Cantwell, Democratic Senator, Washington State, USA: Professor Nye asked whether the *constituence from Washington State would want to subsidize these kinds of activities that they think would mean a job loss. Now, you have to understand that Washington State perspective is a little different. When you already have balling that has 50% of its business overseas, and Microsoft and Arty has an international market and Starbucks that is already, you know, moving internationally, we see the opportunity, we look at this as: “Yes, develop the technology, let’s assist these developing countries in that economic opportunity because we believe it will create jobs for us as well, but we also know that that pollution is reaching our shores, it is causing havoc”. And in hydro system – we get 78% of our electricity, cheap, affordable hydroelectricity from the snow pack from our mountains and that’s going to be impacted by the, you know, developing countries and their impact on CO² emissions, then you bet we’re going to want to solve the atmospheric problem so that we can still have a growing economy and produce these jobs.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Please, at the back!

   Vayne Jones: My name is Vayne Jones. I’m from Oakland, California. Everybody wants the United States to move. The question is – how do we expand beyond the Californians, beyond the eco elite and get to the real grassroots Americans? And, I think, Uday Khemka has it right, We’ve gotta stop talking about the problem in gloom-and-doom and talk about solutions and opportunities. Not just for rich business people. We need to be telling every American parent that we want green color job to your kids, we want to teach them how to put up solar panels, we wanna put green technology training centers and every public school and vocational school to be teaching people how to retrofit America, so that we can create jobs and heal the planet. When we do that, we will have a green growth alliance that includes ordinary people, as well as business people, as well as Hollywood and we will get this problem solved.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: One more here, please!

   Gozia Conguella, Nigeria: I’ll be brief. I am Gozia Conguella from Nigeria and I find that Africa has been totally not mentioned in this debate. And I find it very sad. African countries are suffering from some of the effects of this global warming. We have draughts that lead to humanitarian disasters but I think that Africa should be seen as an opportunity in this instance. Some of these billions of dollars, being talked about to be invested, should be invested in the continent because we have a comparative advantage in some of the areas that can help mitigate the carbon emissions. Thank you!

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: I’m gonna move to closing this discussion now. We’ve talked about business, we’ve talked about politics, we’ve talked about the public pressure. David Miliband, just before Christmas, you gave a speech in which you talked about the *electability of politicians with the environmental pressures and you concluded by saying: “Flunk on any of these issues and you’re unelectable”. Do you think the political class has a significant challenge now to understand the speed at which they will have to change given this public pressure?

   David Miliband, the British Environment Secretary: I think political class does have a very big challenge. It’s not just from people or from business. It’s, actually, to have the imagination and a long-term view that allows us to think of different ways of living and working. Because this is a fundamental challenge. Not for a lower standard of living but for different ways of living and working. And, I think, that you’ve heard some of those ideas today. But this is about long-term imagination, not quick fixes.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Senator Chambliss! “Flunk on any of those issues and you are unelectable”. Is that the way you feel representing Georgia? If you flunk on environment?

   Saxby Chambliss, Republican Senator for Georgia, usa:

   I think David said it right earlier that it’s one of a number of issues and people want to know where are you staying. They gonna compare you with your opponent. So, there gonna be disagreement relative to, probably, a number of issues that are there, that are still gonna allow folks to vote for you, but I think the important thing is that the issues must be laid on the table and this issue in particular. It is time for to come more to the forefront from a political perspective.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Dan Esty, final thought from you! What has this debate highlighted in terms of the extraordinary dynamic for this changing?

   Dan Esty, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy:

   I think, what we’ve highlighted here is that there is an issue that needs action. It’s gonna require government to set up a framework and the key question for all of us is how fast we drive technological innovation. And we need to have the incentives in place to make that happen and there’s a role for government in that and then a very big role for business and a watchdog role for the NGO community and for the public more broadly. We all have a role to play.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Can those systems move at the pace, at the speed that is necessary given the scientific warnings?

   Dan Esty, Yale Centre for Environmental Law and Policy: I think it’s easy in the environmental arena to be a short-term pessimist. But I remain a long-term optimist.

   Nick Gowing, the BBC presenter: Daniel Esty, thank you very much indeed and “thank you” to all of you. I accept, we didn’t include Africa. We were trying to identify what is happening, particularly, in the developing world at this moment and next time we’ll be talking about the developing world because we’re going to be doing debates from there here on the BBC. Thank you all very much indeed for taking part and, I hope, this has enlightened a dynamic which is changing. We decided to do this debate back in October. Suddenly, it has picked up with enormous relevance. Back in October, people were suspicious – is this really a subject really worth doing. I think, what this has done has shown how just how dynamic and fundamental this now is. From all of us here, the “BBC World Debate” in Davos thanks for joining us from me Nik Gowing! Bye-bye!

   http://www.bbc.co.uk/, 27.01.2007

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BASIC INTERPRETATION AND LINGUISTIC TERMS USED IN UNIT 11

translation transformations	перекладацькі трансформації
free word order	вільний порядок слів
fixed word order	фіксований порядок слів
reverse word order	зворотний порядок слів
forms expressing unreality	форми дієслова, що виражають нереальність, проблематичність, бажаність дії тощо.
rhematic noun	рематичний іменник
inner syntactuic structure	внутрішня синтаксична структура
functional sentence perspective (FSP)	функціональна перспектива речення
bilingual discourse	двомовний дискурс