Stage 1 stage 3

S₁ R₁ S₂ R₂

CODE SHIFTING

(transformations)

STAGE 2

where Stage 1 is communication between the original sender of information (source language sender or S₁) and a translator (recipient of information or R₁), Stage 2 is “code shifting” (transformations and finding equivalents, performed by a translator) and Stage 3 – communication between the translator (S₂) and the final addressee (target language recipient₂ or R₂). According to this scheme there are two interrelated communicative acts in the process of translation (interpreting): communication between the initial sender of information and a translator and communication between a translator and the final addressee (recipient or receiver of information). In this process a translator is acting in dual capacity all the time, acting as a recipient (at Stage 1) and as a sender (at Stage 3) of the respective messages.

A. Shveitser [1988: 51] and O.Cherednychenko [2007: 164-165], following E. Nida and C. Taber [1969], suggest another scheme of translation (interpretation), which includes both linguistic and extralinguistic factors and seems to be much more relevant for our approach to interpretation. A slightly modified version of this scheme is suggested below:

C₁

L₁

S₁ TEXT₁ R₁ TEXT₂ R₃

communicative

situation 1

R₂ S₂ C₂

communicative

situation 2

where:

S₁ – sender₁ (source language speaker);

R₁ – recepient₁ (source language recipient, addressee);

R₂ – recepient₂ (translator/interpreter in the mode of receiving in-coming messages);

S₂ – sender₂ (translator/interpreter in the mode of performing translating or

interpreting);

R₃ – recepient₃ (target language recipient, addressee);

L₁ – language₁ (source language);

L₂ – language₂ (target language);

C₁ – culture₁ (source culture);

C₂ – culture₂ (target culture).

According to this scheme interpretation (as a kind of translation) may be defined as a two-stage process of interlingual and cross-cultural communication, during which an interpreter, on the basis of an analysed and transformed text in L₁, creates another text in L₂ which substitutes the source text in the target language and culture. It should be also added to this definition that interpretation (as well as all other kinds of translation) is a process aimed at rendering of the communicative intent of the source text modified by the difference between two languages, two cultures and two communicative situations.

So an act of interpreting appears to be an act of cross-cultural communication, so far as cultures include the corresponding languages, languages include texts and texts pertain to specific subject fields (предметні галузі): politics, economics, business, law, teaching, engineering, information technologies, computer science, chemistry, mathematics, physics, agriculture, environmental protection, medicine, etc [see Бурак 2005; Бурак 2006].