foundations, exterior or fire-separation walls. The brick and concrete units are manufactured in standard sizes. Though a stone may be any size, thickness, quality or color.

2. Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:

• What is masonry?

• What materials does masonry include?

• What spacing is normal for vertical reinforcement?

• What method provides "cavity walls"?

• What is in a similar manner laid?

• What is manufacture in standard sizes?

3. Read the text again and complete the sentences:

..vertical reinforcement is... .. brick and concrete units are... Masonry is installed with... ...a space between... In areas of possible earthquake... ...primarily as foundations... ...standard reinforcing rods... ...reinforcement requirements... This method provides... ...exterior or fire-separation walls...

4. Read the text and say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

• This method provides "cavity rooms".

• In areas of possible earthquake damage the "cavity" in brick work.

• Masonry is installed with cement mortar at exit and end joints.

We have mentioned about some methods of constructing walls for buildings. All walls are made of different materials. For example, walls are made of brick. The brick walls are laid up with a space between separate vertical parallel walls and connected with occasional cross bricks or metal ties. This method provides «cavity walls.» In areas of possible earthquake damage the «cavity» in brick work and the open cells in concrete units is reinforced with standard reinforcing rods and fully grouted with a soupy mixture of concrete. Normal spacing for vertical reinforcement is #4 at 24" with #4 at 48" horizontal fully, encased in grout up to 10" high. Reinforcement requirements should be shown on the drawings for other situations. But it is a special part of building called masonry. Masonry is installed with cement mortar at bed and end joints, usually 3/8" or 1/2" thick. The masonry includes a stone or brick work and concrete units. The concrete units are laid in a similar manner, but obviously there is no open space between inner and outer shells. Each unit has an open core. The concrete units are used primarily as Brick and concrete units are manufactured in substandard sizes.

• Masonry includes plastic work, brick, and others.

• Normal spacing for vertical reinforcement is #4 at 24".

• Concrete units are laid in a similar manner.

• Brick walls are laid up with a space between frames.

TEXT № 10

BRICK WORK

Before-Reading

1. Discuss the following:

• What kinds of work do you know?

• Have you worked anywhere?

2. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:

• shade

• glaze

• dump

• ash

• lintel

• pattern

• installation

• labor

• scaffold

• pavement

• clay

• глина

• образец

• свалка

• труд

• перемычка

• глина

• подмостки

• зола

•• установка

• тротуар

• образец

While-Reading

1. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word.

We have mentioned about (masonry, theater) including the brick or stone work. Let's tell some more words about a brick. Bricks are used for (walls, foundations) and fireplace constructions, paving. In addition to the actual (brick, ice) units belong many accessories, such as clay flue linings, fireplace dampers and ash dumps, fire brick linings, masonry reinforcement and various lintels and ties. Clay (bricks, units) are available in a variety of size and colour. Most of them are red or brown (shades,groups). If it is a glazed brick with one face it is glazed in color. Any brick is laid in various face patterns, which affects the cost of installation. (Costs, numbers) for masonry (construction, field) depend on a great deal on location of the masonry working deck as well as on the availability of labor and material. Starting at (ground, top) level a masonry wall may be laid as high as 4'-0" with reasonable accessibility. However, scaffolding at intervals of about 4'-0" is necessary above that to install work properly at higher (levels, stories).

2. Read the text. Find and translate all the sentences, containing the following words:

• working deck

• actual brick units

• availability of labor

• glazed brick

• clay bricks

• masonry construction

3. Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the following questions to the text:

• What is a brick?

• 

  • What is laid in various face patterns of construction?

  • How do you think, who had invented a brick?

  • How are the bricks used?

  • What kind of bricks do you know?

  • What materials are used for manufacturing of bricks?

  4. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:

  • ...bricks are available...

  • ...in various face patterns...

  • ...masonry construction depend...

  • Brick are used for walls...

  • ...fireplace dampers...

  • ...such as clay flue linings...

  • Starting at ground level...

  • ..scaffolding at intervals ...

  5. Read the text and say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements:

  • Starting at ground level a masonry wall may be laid as high as 4.5'—0" with reasonable accessibility.

  • Brick are used for walls, fireplace construction, paving and others.

  • Costs for masonry construction don't depend on a great deal on location of the masonry working deck.

  • Clay bricks are available in a deficiency of sizes and colors.

  • In addition to the actual brick units belong many accessories.

  • Scaffolding at intervals of about 4'—0" is necessary above that to install work properly at higher levels.

  • Clay bricks are mostly red to green shades.

  • Masonry is used for walls, fireplace construction, paving, and as a veneer.

  • Exit at water level a masonry wall may be laid as high as 4'-0" with reasonable accessibility.

  When was the brick invented?

TEXT № 11 PANEL HEATING

Before-Reading