B)Using the information above, characterize the mass media of the us and indicate major titles in each group:
Mass Medium |
Characteristics |
Examples |
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Newspapers
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Magazines
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Radio |
AM |
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FM |
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TV |
Broadcast |
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Cable & satellite |
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Non-commercial |
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Exercise 8. Read the text about the history of American press. Make questions to each paragraph and ask your group-mates to answer them.
The First American Newspapers. Britain's American colonies, because of their sparse populations and strict governments, entered the world of the newspaper relatively late. Public Occurrences, both foreign and domestic, was printed in Boston on September 25, 1690. The first story in this the first newspaper printed in America seems well chosen: "The Christianized Indians in some parts of Plimouth, have newly appointed a day of thanksgiving to God for his Mercy..." However, if survival was its goal, other items in this paper were less well chosen. Publick Occurrences included an attack on some Indians who had fought with the English against the French and an allusion to a salacious rumor about the king of France. This sort of journalism was typical of the paper's publisher, Benjamin Harris, who had published sensational newspapers in England before he was thrown in jail and then forced to flee to America for printing a particularly incendiary account of a supposed Catholic plot against England. Massachusetts authorities quickly expressed their "high Resentment and Disallowance" of Public Occurrences. The first issue of America's first newspaper was also the last. It would be fourteen years before another newspaper was published in the colonies. The Boston News-Letter, America's second printed newspaper, grew out of a handwritten newsletter that had been distributed by the town's postmaster, John Campbell. It was a much tamer affair than Harris's paper -- filled primarily with reports on English and European politics taken from London papers. The Boston News-Letter, which first appeared in print in 1704, survived for 72 years. Campbell lost the position of postmaster in 1719, but he refused to give up the newspaper. So, his replacement as postmaster, William Brooker, began printing his own newspaper, the Boston Gazette, on December 21, 1719. A day later, the third successful American newspaper, the American Weekly Mercury, appeared in Philadelphia. The Colonial Press. The Maryland Gazette appeared in Annapolis in 1727, the Virginia Gazette in Williamsburg in 1736. By 1765, according to the American journalism historian Frank Luther Mott, all but two of the colonies, Delaware and New Jersey, had weekly newspapers. Boston had four; New York three; and Philadelphia had two newspapers printed in English, one printed in German. There were two newspapers in Connecticut, Rhode Island and each of the Carolinas. These early newspapers were usually no more than four pages long. They were filled primarily with short news items, documents and essays mostly taken from other newspapers, particularly British and European papers. New York City's first newspaper was the New York Gazette, founded by William Bradford in 1725, but it was the city's second newspaper, John Peter Zenger's New York Weekly Journal, which began printing in 1733, that was to have a major effect on the history of journalism. The New York Gazette was a typical colonial newspaper: It stayed out of trouble by supporting the policies of the colony's governor. But New York's governor at the time, William Cosby, was a particularly controversial figure, who had alienated many of the most respected individuals in the colony. They wanted a newspaper that would express their point of view, and Zenger, a young German-born printer, agreed to start one. Zenger's Weekly Journal immediately began taking on the colony's administration. Governor Cosby had Zenger arrested on November 17, 1734, charged with seditious libel. (While he was in jail, the paper was printed by Zenger's wife, Anna.) There was no doubt that Zenger had printed articles critical of the governor, and at the printer's trial in August 1775, the judge instructed the jury that, under the common law definition of seditious libel, criticism of the government was no less libelous if true. However, Zenger's lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, made an impassioned call to defend the "cause of liberty...the liberty both of exposing and opposing arbitrary power...by speaking and writing truth," and the jury ignored the judge's instructions and found Zenger innocent. This case represented a major step in the struggle for the freedom to print honest criticism of government, and it would have the practical effect of discouraging British authorities from prosecuting American journalists, even when their criticisms of the government grew intense in the years leading up to the American Revolution. After the Zenger trial, the British were afraid they would not be able to get an American jury to convict an American journalist. The Penny Press. On the morning of September 3, 1833, a paper printed on four letter-size pages and filled with human-interest stories and short police reports appeared on the streets of New York. Its publisher was a young printer named Benjamin Day, and he sold his paper, the Sun, for one penny. The American newspaper with the highest circulation at that time was New York's Courier and Enquirer, a mercantile paper which sold 4,500 copies a day in a city of 218,000. In 1830, perhaps the most respected newspaper in the world at the time, the Times of London, which was founded in 1785 by John Walter, was selling 10,000 copies of day in a city with a population of two million. However, within two years, Day was selling 15,000 copies a day of his inexpensive, little Sun. The first cylinder press, invented by a German, Frederick Koenig and improved by Napier in England, was first used in the United States in 1825. An improved version of this press, using two cylinders, was developed by Richard Hoe in New York in 1832. Steam engines had first been used to drive presses at the Times in London in 1814. By 1835 Day was using a steam press to print his rapidly growing New York Sun. These new presses made it possible to push circulations much higher. The old Gutenberg-type printing press could print perhaps 125 newspapers an hour; by 1851 the Sun's presses were printing 18,000 copies an hour. James Gordon Bennett, one of the most creative forces in the history of journalism, began his own penny paper, the Herald in 1835. Within in two years it was selling 20,000 copies a day, despite a price increase to two cents. A number of penny newspapers had failed in Boston, a couple even before Day started his Sun. That city's first successful penny paper was the Daily Times in 1836. Philadelphia had the Daily Transcript, begun in 1835, and the Public Ledger, in 1836; Baltimore's Sun was first published in 1837 – all selling for a penny. |
Exercise 9. What changes have there been in the newspaper industry since the beginning of the 20th century in Europe, the U.S. and Ukraine? Prepare a short report about changes in the newspaper industry since the beginning of the 20th century in these countries. Follow the steps.
Step 1. Brainstorm some ideas in pairs. Consider the following:
diversity of newspapers;
quality of newspapers;
newspaper circulation;
the choice of information for newspapers;
the way how news is presented; etc.
Step 2. Decide whether the changes in the newspaper industry have been mostly positive or negative, in your opinion. Then, join the students who hold the same opinion.
Exercise 10. Here are some examples of American newspapers. Which of them would you like to read? Why? Which of them are similar? In what ways are they similar?
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Exercise 11. Using some additional sources, take any American newspaper/magazine and write a short description of it.
Exercise 12. Translate:
1) Інтернет може бути використаний як засіб передачі інформації загального інтересу. Для державних установ важливе значення має використання електронних мереж для гарантування доступу до всієї інформації та послуг, які мають суспільний інтерес. 2) Підписка на послуги, що пропонуються в мережі Інтернет, повинна бути добровільною. 3) Якщо компанія має встановлені й загальновідомі правила поведінки під час роботи, які забороняють використання нецензурної лексики, працівник може бути звільнен за порушення дисципліни, якщо він або вона проігнорували це правило і неодноразово використовували ненормативну лексику або наклеп. 4) Якщо ви знайщли в Інтернеті статтю, яка надає відповідну інформацію для вашої теми дослідження, переконайтесь, що джерело дієве і надійне. 5) Ви можете назвати людей близькими, якщо вони мають тісні стосунки один з одним, наприклад, вони зв’язані сімейними або дружніми відносинами. Така єдність може бути метафоричною одруженню, бо нитки ваших життів надовго зв’язані разом. 6) Доступ громадськості до урядової інформації був обмеженим, а в деяких випадках повністю забороненим. 7) Кандидати можуть надати інші допоміжні матеріали, які вони вважають важливими. 8) Журналістська етика зазвичай простежується в публікаціях і, в більш широкому сенсі, в понятті «четверта влада». 9) При наявності каналів, які працюють за системою плати за перегляд, більше не треба їздити по відео магазинах чи турбуватися щодо штрафу за невчасне повернення дисків або касет, залишається лише відпочивати та насолоджуватися улюбленим фільмом або програмою вдома. 10) Неможливо отримати відкрите телемовлення, якщо воно транслюється через супутник, а людина не має супутникової антени, адже дуже мало програм чи станцій використовують старі методи трансляції. 11) На відміну від багатьох інших розвинених країн, в Америці пропаганда ненависті охороняється відповідно до Першої поправки, яка є чинною і класифікується як свобода слова. Але у випадках, коли вона є образливою, можуть бути прийняті певні заходи.
VOCABULARY
abbreviated names - скорочені назви
advertisement - оголошення; реклама; анонс
advertiser - рекламодавець
article n - стаття (в газеті, журналі)
baffling - важкий для розуміння, який збиває з пантелику
banner headline - газетний заголовок, "шапка"
box head - заголовок в рамці
brief statement - коротка заява
broad-sheet format - великий лист паперу, формат A2
caricature - карикатурнее зображення, шарж
circulate - розповсюджувати
circulation - тираж (газет, журналів); розповсюдження
classified advertisements - класифіковані (рубричні) рекламні оголошення; дошка рекламних оголошень
colour magazine supplements - кольорові додатки
coloured cover - кольорова обкладинка
column - відділ, розділ, рубрика, шпальта (у газеті); огляд; колонка постійного коментатора в газеті
columnist - журналіст-коментатор, який постійно веде яку-небудь рубрику; оглядач
comment - коментар, пояснювальна примітка
contents of papers - основний зміст газет
copy - екземпляр, копія; дублікат
correspondence column ("Letters to the Editor") - рубрика листів у редакцію
cover - висвіт лювати в пресі
crime stories - оповідання про злочини
critical review - критичний огляд
current events - новини, поточні події
daily - щоденна газета
dispute - ставити під сумнів, сумніватися
domestic news - новини щодо подій в країні
edition - видання
editor - редактор
editorial column - колонка редактора
employ old-fashioned words - вживати старомодні, застарілі слова
entertaining - розважальний
evening paper - вечірня газета
expansion - розповсюдження, рост, розвиток
eye-opener - приголомшлива новина; сенсаційне повідомлення; викриття; розвінчання
feature - стаття, нарис (у газеті, журналі); сенсаційний або такий, що набрав розголосу, матеріал (про статтю, повідомлення); постійний розділ (у газеті, журналі)
freedom of the press - свобода, незалежність преси, друку
front page - титульний аркуш, заголовний аркуш, титул; перша смуга, перша сторінка (у газеті)
front-page news - новини, надруковані на першому аркуші, сенсаційні новини
gloss - глянець
gossip column - отдел светской хроники (в газете или журнале; помещает сведения, основанные на слухах и сплетнях, о жизни аристократии, политических деятелей, актёров)
high standard of reporting – высокий стандарт подачи информации, сообщения новостей
highly reliable – сверхнадёжный
house magazine n– фирменный журнал (журнал, издаваемый компанией и освещающий последние новости из ее жизни; существуют два типа фирменных журналов: предназначенный для персонала, акционеров и т. п. и предназначенный для потребителей, потенциальных партнеров и т. п.)
human interest story - душещипательный рассказ, рассчитанный на сочувственное отношение читателя
illustrated announcement
illustrated edition - иллюстрированное издание
in black type - жирным шрифтом
independent - независимый
issue - выпуск, издание
journal n – газета, журнал (обычно научно-популярный, общественно-политический)
journalism n - 1) профессия журналиста 2) журналистика 3) пресса, печать
latest news - последние новости
lay-out - макет (книги, газеты), схема; расположение
leading article (leader) - передовица
libel n ['laɪb(ə)l] – клевета
libellous adj ['laɪb(ə)ləs] – клеветнический, очерняющий, порочащий
literary supplement – литературное приложение
local interest stories
local news
local paper – местная газета
magazine - журнал, периодическое издание
makers of headlines – создатели заголовков
marginalia - заметки
morning paper – утренняя газета
national newspapers – национальные газеты
news agency n –информационное, новостное агентство
news coverage - освещение последних событий
news items (news stories) - информационный сюжет
news pages -газетная полоса с текущими событиями
news presentation - подача информационного материала
newsbook n – новостник, вестник
newsletter n – информационный бюллетень
newspaper industry – газетное производство
newspaper/paper n – газета
obscenity n [əb'senətɪ] – непристойность
outside contributor –сторонний сотрудник газеты, журнала
overlook - не заметить, просмотреть, пропустить
pamphlet n – брошюра, злая сатира, памфлет, проспект
periodical press, periodicals – периодическая пресса, периодические издания
personal column - колонка частных объявлений
pictorial manner – манера подачи (информации, новостей)
pictorial matter - иллюстративный материал
politics - политические события
popular (populars) – массовая газета
postal service – почтовая служба
press n – 1) а) печать, пресса б) журналисты (теле-, радио-, прессы) в) средства массовой информации 2) отзывы в прессе (на что-л.) 3) а) типография; издательство б) печатание, печать
principal feature - главная особенность
print v – печатать
provincial paper – провинциальная газета
publication n [ˌpʌblɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n] - 1) издание, печатание, публикация (книги, фотографии, статьи и т. п.), 2) опубликованное произведение, публикация
publish v – издавать, публиковать
publisher n– издатель
quality (qualities) – «солидная» газета
quarterly n– издание, выходящее раз в квартал
quotation – цитата
reader’s query (queries) ['kwɪərɪ] - вопросы читателей
readership n– круг читателей, читательская масса
record n – запись; отчёт; records – архивы,
regional paper – областная газета
report v [rɪ'pɔːt] - сообщать, описывать, рассказывать;
reporting staff - штат, отвечающий за предоставления информации
review n– критическая статья
scrap - вырезка из газеты
sensation - сенсація, сенсаційний матеріал
slang - сленг
sledge-hammer headlines - сокрушательные, громкие, кричащие заголовки
sobsister (woman-columnist) - журналистка, пишущая сентиментальные, душещипательные репортажи, статьи, "выжимательница слезы"
stationer n – книгоиздатель, книготорговец
streamer - газетный заголовок во всю ширину страницы, шапка
strip cartoon - рассказ в картинках, комикс (публикуется в газетах или специальных журналах комиксов; юмористический или приключенческий; рисунки сопровождаются краткими надписями)
strip cartoons – комиксы
style - стиль
sub-editor - помощник редактора
subscriber n - передплатник
Sunday newspaper – воскресная газета
tabloid - бульварная газета
the newsvendor’s bills - афиши газетчика, продавца газет
the fourth estate – пресса; четвёртое сословие
typographic – типографический
viewer – зритель, наблюдатель
weather forecast - прогноз погоды
weekly newspaper (weeklies) - щотижневик; щотижневе періодичне видання
women’s magazines - жіночі журнали
SUPPLEMENTARY SECTION
Exercise 1. Comment on the following quotations. What attitude to the mass media do they reveal? Do you have a similar attitude to the mass media? Why (not)? Discuss it with the group.
Newspapers are unable, seemingly, to discriminate between a bicycle accident and the collapse of civilization. George Bernard Shaw, 1931
Journalism is the ability to meet the challenge of filling space. Rebecca West
If you don't read the newspaper, you are uninformed. If you do read the newspaper, you are misinformed. Author unknown, commonly attributed to Mark Twain or Thomas Jefferson
Journalism is organized gossip. Edward Egglestone
Exercise 2. Do you know the parts of a newspaper? What information can you find on the following pages?
Exercise 3. Here is the article from the Washington Times. Write a short essay based on its main points.
Healthy media habits make for a healthy family
In today’s health-conscious culture, the saying “you are what you eat” is generally regarded as gospel truth. We know it’s important to eat well because it’s obvious that our lives are deeply affected by the quality of our diets. How much more important is it to watch what we put into our minds and pay attention to how it affects us?
If you want a healthy family, it is essential to step back from time to time to evaluate whether the media messages we and our family members are consuming are supporting — or harming — the hopes and dreams we have for our family unit as a whole, and for each individual.
We must spend some time analyzing our own habits, and stepping into our kids’ worlds to find out which messages are being pumped into their still-developing brains and how much pressure they are under from manipulative marketers trying to get their cash. Greedy companies (note: not all companies, just the greedy ones) will do anything to get you and your kids hooked on, and spending money pursuing the adrenaline high that comes with viewing sexualized and violent media.
The mass marketers are after your children 24/7. They attempt to slam their inboxes with pornography. They prominently display products and a lifestyle of betrayal, moral relativism and sex, sex, sex in television programs. They are never too busy or too tired from a long day’s work to “talk” to your children. And they know how to get teens to spend money: Take advantage of the fact that they are already on hormonal roller coasters by feeding them adrenaline-pumping, nonstop messages of sex, violence and rebellion.
The reality is that most of us don’t want to pause and consider whether or not the media that we are consuming is good for us. Why? Because if we find objectionable media habits, then we’re faced with either having to do something about them, or live with the guilt of being hypocrites.
Put simply: It’s easier to remain ignorant or complacent. We often choose an uneasy peace over principle. We value a quiet home with wary smiles more than we value developing the character of our sons and daughters, risking possible conflict, or even worse, risking having to give up our own bad habits along the way.
The ugly truth is that in many cases the American home has become a septic tank for the culture’s toxic sewage. After all, it’s often in the privacy of their own bedrooms — or sitting in the living room with their moms or dads — that teens consume hour upon hour of the sludge that is perverting their views of sexuality, relationships and life in general. It’s time for us to pay attention to the messages we are sending when we simply accept the messages the media sends us. The minds of children are like sponges. They’re ready to be filled with good things or with bad things, and it’s up to moms and dads to provide a healthy mental diet. We’ve heard it said, “Garbage in—garbage out.” Children will largely become what they consume.
It’s up to parents to provide their children with the materials that will build courage, fortitude, fidelity, sound judgment and strong character. But if you are consuming garbage, or if you have no idea what others are pumping into their developing minds, how on Earth are you going to protect them?
After honestly evaluating and adjusting your own habits, walk one week in your child’s tennis shoes. What is your daughter listening to, watching and reading? Have you ever actually sat down and played one of your son’s video or online games? Take a trip to the mall and look at the posters that scream out to them from the music and clothing stores — what do the images portray? My guess is that in many cases, your heart will break over what you find.
According to a Kaiser Family Foundation’s report on media usage, teenagers consume 7.5 hours to 10.5 hours of media each day due to multitasking (such as listening to music while surfing the Internet or playing a video game while watching television). “Children’s bedrooms have increasingly become multi-media centers, raising important issues about supervision and exposure to unlimited content. 71 percent of all 818-year-olds have a TV, while one-third have Internet access in their bedrooms. Outside of their bedrooms, in many young people’s homes, the TV is a constant companion: nearly half say the TV is on ‘most’ of the time, even if no one is watching.”
Even while many polls show that parents are concerned about what their children watch and learn from the media, according to the Kaiser report, over two-thirds of all 8- to 18-year-olds say their families have no rules about how much TV-watching they’re allowed. The same goes for time spent playing video games and time spent on the computer. Yet, studies indicate that parents who do impose rules and enforce them actually end up reducing the amount of time their children devote to media.
So the good news is: You may not have full control of your children’s media consumption, but you do have a lot of influence. The question is: Will you use it to create a healthier diet or not?
(By Rebecca Hagelin and Kristin Carey – Tuesday, October 14, 2014)
1descriptions of the lives of famous people who have just died
2an article giving the newspaper editor's opinion
3pages of advertisements in different categories
4separate magazines included with the newspaper
5an article or set of articles devoted to a particular topic
6sections in a paper or magazine that deal with readers' private emotional problems
7person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony column