1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. Who created a new kind of satirical art in Britain?

2. What did the artist William Hogarth do for art?

3. What sort of art was British public more interested in?

4. Whose works was Hogarth particularly impressed by?

5. What way of financing his projects did Hogarth devise?

6. What did Hogarth first produce?

7. Where did Hogarth display his paintings?

8. How much did Hogarth get for the “Rake’s Progress”?

9. When was the legislation for a copyright act for Hogarth’s works pass?

10. What did the prints enable artists to do?

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and phrases:

social behaviour

mood

moral indignation

withering satire

widely distributed

to aspire

sequence of pictures

to venture

faith and spirituality

moral decline

miserly

to squander thoughtlessly

to relieve

to coax

in advance

to boost

otherwise

to make an effort

income

legislation

decent living

to rely on

4. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases:

створити новий вид мистецтва

поєднати сатиричні сюжети

гострий гумор

обурення

сучасне життя

ряд творів

давати заголовок

зібрання людей

поблажливий прагнення

заздалегідь

гравюра

об’єднувати

загальний пейзаж

уявно реалістичний

5. Make up sentences of your own with the given words and phrases.

6. Match a line in A and a line in B.

A	B
indignation	physical or mental exertion
contemporary	showing or characterized by indulgence
to distribute	to work out, contrive, or plan something in one’s mind
faith	anger or scorn aroused by something felt to be unfair, unworthy, or wrong
indulgent	the amount of monetary or other returns, either earned or unearned, accruing over a given period of time
to devise	to defend from trouble, harm, attack etc.
effort	strong or unshakeable belief in something
income	polite or respectable, proper, adequate
to protect	to give out in shares, dispense
decent	belonging to the same age, living or occurring in the same period of time

7. Summarize the text in English. Unit 37 text

Japanese colour woodblock prints depict the real world with great technical expertise

Representing scenes from everyday life, artists of the Edo period elevated the technique of woodblock printing to a pinnacle of Japanese artistic achievement. These prints were later to exert a profound influence on artists in the West.

Printmaking developed in Japan during the peaceful Edo period, which lasted from 1615 until the middle of the nineteenth century. The usual method was woodblock printing. The artist copied the original design onto transparent paper, and an artisan carved it on one or more blocks of cherry wood. A publisher then printed the impressions on a robust type of paper called hosh, made from the bark of the mulberry tree.

The favoured subjects in the eighteenth century, when the art of printmaking reached a pinnacle of excellence, were those called ukiyo-e, or "pictures of the floating world." This refers to the transient pleasures of everyday life, described at that time as "living only for the moment... taking pleasure in the moon, the sun, the cherry blossoms, and the maple leaves, singing songs, drinking wine, and diverting ourselves by just floating... like a gourd floating along with the river current." These pleasures were to be found most easily in the bustling cities of Edo (now Tokyo), Osaka, and Kyoto, in tea houses, theatres, and brothels, and it was these locations that featured in the most popular prints. The rise of Kabuki, Japan's popular theatre, led to a craze for prints of actors and scenes from the latest plays. Prints of beautiful women, usually courtesans and often shown with their lovers, were also popular.

One of the finest artists was Kitagawa Utamaro, who captured female beauty in all its forms. His publisher used powdered mother-of-pearl and gold dust to heighten the glamour of his prints. He also produced magnificent

19 Hunting for Insects

Suzuki Harunobu, c. 1776-1778

Japanese, Edo period

illustrations of insects, birds, and shellfish, though his career ended in controversy, after he was accused of political satire.

Suzuki Harunobu was noted for his pictures of women and lovers, and was one of the first Japanese artists to use strongly contrasting light and shade when depicting snow scenes and nocturnal images. He perfected the techniques of colour printing, with a separate woodblock prepared for each colour. In Hunting for Insects he used a style that was highly regarded—a strong velvety background was produced through overprinting several times, and against this the two lovers and their lantern are enhanced. His frail and graceful females were inspired by a waitress called O Sen.

Japanese prints began filtering through to the West in the 1850s, when the country's cultural isolation was finally broken, and by the following decade there were specialist shops in Paris selling exotic Japanese wares. Claude Monet bought his first print in 1856, and his enthusiasm was shared by Edgar Degas, James Whistler, Edouard Manet, Mary Cassatt, and many others. They adopted in their own work many of the outstanding features of the prints, including the dramatic treatment of space and form, which ignored the laws of perspective; the celebration of modern city life; the clear outlines and emphasis on graphic contrast; and the use of flat areas of colour and patterns. Vincent Van Gogh said, "I envy the clarity of the Japanese.... Their work is as simple as breathing.... They do a figure in a few sure strokes, with the same ease as buttoning your coat. "

TASKS