1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is regarded as one of the highlights of early African art?

2. What do the brass heads display?

3. Where were some of the earliest surviving masterpieces of African art produced?

4. What were the most imposing pieces of art designed for?

5. When did the technique of brass casting start?

6. What did the sculptures symbolize?

7. What did the images of iyoba take the form of?

8. What do the heads look like?

9. What do the heads underline?

10. How were royal figures shown?

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and phrases:

to commemorate

brass heads

calm grandeur

spiritual

shrine

ancestor worship

ivory tusks

plaques

wisdom and destiny

wide-ranging

to take advantage of

to seize

to dedicate to

to be responsible for

contribution

as a reward

to dispel evil forces

serene expressions

to feature a number of symbolic elements

to be compared with

to refer to

4. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases:

шанувати пам'ять

основні моменти

показувати величність

відображати ціль

шедевр

датувати

символізувати мудрість та долю

загрожувати

повстання

починати вторгнення

відновлювати королівську владу

внесок

об’єднувати

підкреслювати

боже походження

взагалі

слугувати нагадуванням

5. Make up sentences of your own with the given words and phrases.

6. Match a line in A with a line in B.

A	B
to commemorate	to take hold of quickly, grab
imposing	an ornament that hang from the piece of jewellery
destiny	the act of entering the country with armed forces
invasion	advice or guidance on conduct, behaviour etc.
to seize	to disperse or drive away
counsel	fate, fortune
to dispel	to honour or keep alive the memory of
pendant	a field of interest, study
serene	grand or impressive
realm	peaceful or tranquil, calm

7. Summarize the text in English. Unit 33 text

Italy witnesses an explosion of artistic excellence

During the Renaissance, painters, sculptors, and architects returned to, and revived, the lessons of the classical age. Using inspiration from a glorious past coupled with important new techniques, artists reached a pinnacle of creativity.

Renaissance means "rebirth," lending its name to the momentous upsurge in all branches of the arts. This movement reached a crescendo in the early years of the sixteenth century, the High Renaissance period. The Renaissance centered on an interest in the culture of the classical ancient world. It is no accident that this explosion of creativity occurred in Italy, where Roman architectural remains were a constant reminder of past glories. Many believed that this golden age could be restored. The revival of interest in all things classical was heightened by the rediscovery of ancient texts in the fourteenth century, which, as a result of the invention of printing, became widely available.

Artists were awakened to the wonders of the classical world, and sought not only to emulate them but also to better them, using new techniques, including perspective and oil paint. As ancient statues were unearthed, painters and sculptors mimicked the heroic poses. This in turn gave rise to the study of anatomy, and the nude quickly became a staple feature of Renaissance painting.

For centuries, the Church had been the principal patron of the arts, but now the wealthy ruling families of Italy's city-states were keen to be at the forefront of the latest intellectual trends, and to display their power by dominating artistic patronage. There was a growing tendency toward secular subjects and portraits became important. Biblical scenes remained prominent, often featuring the leading members of society, but patrons also commissioned paintings of mythological subjects for their sumptuous private villas. Some of these were straightforward illustrations of classical texts, while in other cases the legends were used as a pretext for complex, philosophical allegories.

15 School of Athens

Raphael, 1510-1512

High Renaissance

The glorification of classical, even pagan, themes was perfectly respectable, even in Church circles. Raphael's School of Athens was designed for one of the papal apartments in the Vatican. In essence, it is a tribute to the learning of the ancient world. At the heart of the composition are Plato and Aristotle, the two giants of Greek philosophy. Around them, scientists and mathematicians—including Euclid, Pythagoras, and Ptolemy — discuss their theories.

The School of Athens dates from the heady period when Rome had become a magnet for the leading artists of the day, drawn by the patronage of Pope Julius II. Within a five-year period, between 1504 and 1509, he commissioned the great architect Donato Bramante to rebuild Saint Peter's Basilica, Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and Raphael to create other paintings in the Vatican.

The status of the artist had risen dramatically. Before this time, even the greatest painters had been regarded as craftsmen, but now the notion of genius came into play. Raphael did not hesitate to equate the great thinkers of antiquity with major Renaissance artists. In the School of Athens, Plato is thought to bear the likeness of Leonardo, and the brooding figure in the foreground is Michelangelo, while Raphael himself is the youth standing second from the right.

TASKS