1. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian.

2. Answer the following questions:

1. When did the artists take the giant step of portraying Buddha?

2. How did early Buddhist artists portray Buddha?

3. Who was the historical Buddha?

4. What were artists anxious to insure?

5. What does the “ushnisha” mean?

6. What were the marks of Buddha’s wisdom?

7. What were long, slender earlobes in Buddha’s statues derived from?

8. Where were human images of Buddha pioneered?

9. What did local artists inherit in the fourth century BC?

10. How are Gandharan sculptures of Buddha different form Mathuran ones?

3. Give Ukrainian equivalents of the following words and phrases:

to be reluctant to

holy leader

to represent

to have a specific relevance

in common with

to know in detail

to lead to human depictions

to be anxious to

to be assisted in

distinguishing features

to set somebody apart

to signify wisdom and spiritual enlightenment

to derive from

enormous meaning

undoubtedly influenced by

to inherit the classical techniques

significantly different from

4. Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases:

послідовник

бути неохочим до

зробити гігантський крок

досягнути стан освіченості

прикрашати

високо стилізований

справжній чоловік

палко бажати

звичайний смертний

відмінні риси

означати мудрість

у деяких випадках

походити від

прокладати шлях

зображувати людське тіло та одежу

як результат

показувати огрядну розслаблену фігуру

5. Make up sentences of your own with the given words and phrases.

6. Match a line in A with a line in B.

A	B
reluctant	exactly, in a precise manner
relevance	the act or means of giving information or understanding
to attain	to include as a part
to accompany	to receive something by succession or under a will
precisely	an article of clothing
anxious	not eager; unwilling
to incorporate	to go along with
enlightenment	having direct bearing on the matter in hand
to inherit	to achieve or accomplish(a task, goal, aim etc.)
garment	worried and tense because of possible misfortune, danger

7. Summarize the text in English. Unit 23 text

Roman painters master a naturalistic approach to painting

Although the Greeks are documented as having created naturalistic paintings, few of these works survive. It is in Roman examples that we find the first visual evidence for a highly naturalistic style that will become such an important part of the Western tradition of painting.

Roman artists owed a great debt to the Greeks. They inherited a dynamic and sophisticated approach to art from them, as well as techniques and styles that continue to have an impact on art and architecture to the present day. Painting in a natural style was by no means a Roman invention. In the late fifth century bce the celebrated Greek artist Zeuxis challenged his rival Parrhasius to see which of them could produce the most natural painting. Zeuxis painted a bunch of grapes so realistic birds tried to peck at them. Triumphantly, Zeuxis turned to his rival and invited him to draw back the curtain from his painting. His joy turned to despondency, however, when he realized that the curtain itself was a painting. Gloomily, he was forced to admit defeat. Sadly, no paintings by either artist have survived. However, the Romans certainly saw, and were highly influenced by, such works.

Painting was a popular and well-respected art form in Roman times. They produced both murals and panel paintings, although virtually none of the latter has survived. The wall paintings feature a broad range of subjects, from historical and mythological subjects to still lives, landscapes, and portraits. To modern eyes, some of the most striking Roman paintings are still lives of fruit and other food. These have freshness and a feeling for detail that would not be matched until the golden age of Dutch painting, 1,600 years later. When Greek artists had painted similar subjects of still life, they were dismissed as low art. Piraeicus, a specialist in this field, was given the nickname Rhyparographos, or "painter of sordid subjects." Roman taste was far more relaxed and still life developed into an important art form.

5 Still Life with Peach Bough and Glass Jar

Artist unknown, c. ce 50

Ancient Roman

Roman artists loved to place their images of food in ingenious, trompe-l'oeil settings as an early form of interior decoration used in the villas of prominent citizens. This example, which was discovered at Herculaneum, shows faux shelves with green peaches and a beaker of water. It would not look out of place in a modern kitchen. Still life artists also portrayed writing implements, theatrical masks, purses, and torches. Occasionally they added the natural touch of a living creature: a cat stealing some fish, a mouse scurrying along a ledge, a rabbit nibbling its food.

While naturalistic still life certainly has its roots in Greek art, there is little evidence that the Greeks applied this style to portraiture. The Romans broke with the Greek tradition of idealizing their figures, preferring instead to strike a more realistic note. In part, this was due to one of their funerary practices. Highborn families used to take death masks of their loved ones, preserving them on shrines within their homes. These masks were carried in procession at funerals, to emphasize the ancestral achievements of the family. They were made of perishable materials, such as wax or plaster, so almost none survive. Portraits created as part of wall paintings were less common but several notable examples survive at Pompeii, and these provide clear evidence of highly naturalistic Roman portraits.

TASKS.