- •What are agency costs, and who bears them?
- •Identify some factors beyond a firm’s control that influence its stock price.
- •Define ebitda and please define the reasons of calculating ebitda.
- •Explain statement of cash flows and types of questions it answers.
- •Identify and briefly explain the 3 different categories of activities shown in the statement of cash flows.
- •Define net operating working capital and total operating capital.
- •Determine nopat and explain why it might be a better performance measure than net income.
- •Define free cash flow and explain why free cash flow the most important determinant of a firm’s value.
- •Define the terms “Market Value Added”(mva) and “Economic Value Added (eva)”. Explain the differences between eva and accounting profit.
- •Determine characteristics of liquid assets and identify the ratios that are used to analyze a firm’s liquidity position and write out their equations.
- •Identify 4 ratios that are used to measure how effectively a firm is managing its assets, and write out their equations.
- •Explain the financial leverage and usage of financial leverage.
- •Identify and write out the
- •Describe 3 ratios that relate a firm’s stock price to its earnings, cash flow, and book value per share, and write out their equations.
- •Explain the calculation of book value per share and explain how inflation and goodwill cause book values to deviate from market values.
- •Define the usage of Du Pont system to analyze ways of improving the firm’s performance.
- •Define the standard deviation and coefficient of variation, and explain which one is a better measure for performance.
- •Explain the following statement: “most investors are risk averse”. Explain the relationship between risk aversion and rates of return.
- •Determine Security Market Line and construction of this line.
- •Explain Market Risk Premium and calculation.
- •Explain the correlation between returns on a project and returns on the firm’s other assets affect the project’s risk.
- •Define floating rate bonds and zero coupon bonds.
- •Define convertible bonds, bonds with warrants, income bonds, and indexed bonds.
- •Explain the reasons why bonds with warrants and convertible bonds have lower coupons than similarly rated bonds that do not have these features.
- •Explain what happens to the price of a fixed-rate bond if (1) interest rates rise above the bond’s coupon rate or (2) interest rates fall below the bond’s coupon rate.
- •Explain why prices of fixed-rate bonds fall if expectations for inflation rise. Define discount bond and a premium bond.
- •Explain the yield to maturity and yield to call, and describe their differences.
- •Differentiate between interest rate risk and reinvestment rate risk.
- •To which type of risk are holders of long-term bonds more exposed and short-term bondholders?
- •Explain and define mortgage bonds, debentures, and junk bonds.
- •Explain reasons for the existence of the preemptive right
- •Explain the reasons why a company uses classified stocks.
- •Define and differentiate between a closely held corporation and a publicly owned corporation
- •Define and differentiate between primary, secondary markets and ipo.
- •Determine the capital gains yield and the dividend yield of a stock.
- •Define the two parts of most stock’s expected total return.
- •Write out and explain the valuation formula for a constant growth stock.
- •Define the conditions that a company must hold if a stock to be evaluated using the constant growth model.
- •Explain how one would find the value of a supernormal growth stock.
- •Explain what is meant by terminal date and terminal value?
- •Define the conditions for a stock to be in equilibrium.
- •42.Efficient markets hypothesis.
- •Define the difference among the three forms of efficient market hypothesis: (1) weak form, (2) semistrong form, and (3) strong form.
- •2. Semi-Strong emh
- •3. Strong-Form emh
- •Explain the following statement: “Preferred stock is a hybrid security”.
- •Identify the firms 3 major capital structure components, and give their respective component cost symbols.
- •Explain the reasons of using after-tax cost of debt rather than the before-tax cost in calculating the weighted average cost of capital.
- •Explain three approaches that are used to estimate the cost of common equity.
- •Identify some problems with the capm approach.
- •Explain the two approaches that can be used to adjust for flotation costs.
- •Write out the equation for the weighted average cost of capital and explain.
- •Explain the calculation of debt structure in the capital structure used to calculate wacc.
- •Define the two factors that affect the cost of capital that are generally beyond the firm’s control.
- •Explain how a change in interest rates would affect each component of the weighted average cost of capital.
- •Three types of project risk and show the level of relevance.
- •Describe the pure play and the accounting beta methods for estimating individual project’s betas.
- •Identify some problem areas in cost of capital analysis. Explain how they invalidate the cost of capital procedures.
- •Define the determination of the capital structure weights that are used to calculate the wacc
Describe the pure play and the accounting beta methods for estimating individual project’s betas.
A pure play is a company that invests its resources in only one line of business. As such, this type of stock has a performance that correlates highly to the performance of the stock's particular industry. For example, many electronic retailers or "e-tailers" are pure plays. All they do is sell one particular type of product over the internet. Therefore, if internet buying declines even slightly, these companies are negatively affected. An accounting beta method – a method of estimating a project’s beta by running a regression of the company’s return on assets against the average return on assets for a large sample of firms. Accounting betas for a totally new project can be calculated only after the project has been accepted, placed in operation, and begun to generate output and accounting results—too late for the capital budgeting decision.
Identify some problem areas in cost of capital analysis. Explain how they invalidate the cost of capital procedures.
Depreciation-generated funds In brief, depreciation cash flows can either be reinvested or returned to investors (stockholders and creditors). The cost of depreciation-generated funds is approximately equal to the weighted average cost of capital from retained earnings and low-cost debt.
Privately owned firms there is a serious question about how one should measure the cost of equity for a firm whose stock is not traded. Tax issues are also especially important in these cases. As a general rule, the same principles of cost of capital estimation apply to both privately held and publicly owned firms, but the problems of obtaining input data are somewhat different for each.
Small business Small businesses are generally privately owned, making it difficult to estimate their cost of equity
Measurement problems One cannot overemphasize the practical difficulties encountered when estimating the cost of equity. It is very difficult to obtain good input data for the CAPM, for g in the formula ks =D1/P0+g, and for the risk premium in the formula ks = Bond yield + Risk premium. As a result, we can never be sure just how accurate our estimated cost of capital is.
Costs of capital for projects of differing riskiness It is difficult to measure projects’ risks, hence to assign risk-adjusted discount rates to capital budgeting projects of differing degrees of riskiness.
Capital structure weights the state of the art in cost of capital estimation is really not in bad shape. The procedures outlined in this chapter can be used to obtain cost of capital estimates that are sufficiently accurate for practical purposes, and the problems listed here merely indicate the desirability of refinements. The refinements are not unimportant, but the problems we have identified do not invalidate the usefulness of the procedures outlined in the chapter.