- •What are agency costs, and who bears them?
- •Identify some factors beyond a firm’s control that influence its stock price.
- •Define ebitda and please define the reasons of calculating ebitda.
- •Explain statement of cash flows and types of questions it answers.
- •Identify and briefly explain the 3 different categories of activities shown in the statement of cash flows.
- •Define net operating working capital and total operating capital.
- •Determine nopat and explain why it might be a better performance measure than net income.
- •Define free cash flow and explain why free cash flow the most important determinant of a firm’s value.
- •Define the terms “Market Value Added”(mva) and “Economic Value Added (eva)”. Explain the differences between eva and accounting profit.
- •Determine characteristics of liquid assets and identify the ratios that are used to analyze a firm’s liquidity position and write out their equations.
- •Identify 4 ratios that are used to measure how effectively a firm is managing its assets, and write out their equations.
- •Explain the financial leverage and usage of financial leverage.
- •Identify and write out the
- •Describe 3 ratios that relate a firm’s stock price to its earnings, cash flow, and book value per share, and write out their equations.
- •Explain the calculation of book value per share and explain how inflation and goodwill cause book values to deviate from market values.
- •Define the usage of Du Pont system to analyze ways of improving the firm’s performance.
- •Define the standard deviation and coefficient of variation, and explain which one is a better measure for performance.
- •Explain the following statement: “most investors are risk averse”. Explain the relationship between risk aversion and rates of return.
- •Determine Security Market Line and construction of this line.
- •Explain Market Risk Premium and calculation.
- •Explain the correlation between returns on a project and returns on the firm’s other assets affect the project’s risk.
- •Define floating rate bonds and zero coupon bonds.
- •Define convertible bonds, bonds with warrants, income bonds, and indexed bonds.
- •Explain the reasons why bonds with warrants and convertible bonds have lower coupons than similarly rated bonds that do not have these features.
- •Explain what happens to the price of a fixed-rate bond if (1) interest rates rise above the bond’s coupon rate or (2) interest rates fall below the bond’s coupon rate.
- •Explain why prices of fixed-rate bonds fall if expectations for inflation rise. Define discount bond and a premium bond.
- •Explain the yield to maturity and yield to call, and describe their differences.
- •Differentiate between interest rate risk and reinvestment rate risk.
- •To which type of risk are holders of long-term bonds more exposed and short-term bondholders?
- •Explain and define mortgage bonds, debentures, and junk bonds.
- •Explain reasons for the existence of the preemptive right
- •Explain the reasons why a company uses classified stocks.
- •Define and differentiate between a closely held corporation and a publicly owned corporation
- •Define and differentiate between primary, secondary markets and ipo.
- •Determine the capital gains yield and the dividend yield of a stock.
- •Define the two parts of most stock’s expected total return.
- •Write out and explain the valuation formula for a constant growth stock.
- •Define the conditions that a company must hold if a stock to be evaluated using the constant growth model.
- •Explain how one would find the value of a supernormal growth stock.
- •Explain what is meant by terminal date and terminal value?
- •Define the conditions for a stock to be in equilibrium.
- •42.Efficient markets hypothesis.
- •Define the difference among the three forms of efficient market hypothesis: (1) weak form, (2) semistrong form, and (3) strong form.
- •2. Semi-Strong emh
- •3. Strong-Form emh
- •Explain the following statement: “Preferred stock is a hybrid security”.
- •Identify the firms 3 major capital structure components, and give their respective component cost symbols.
- •Explain the reasons of using after-tax cost of debt rather than the before-tax cost in calculating the weighted average cost of capital.
- •Explain three approaches that are used to estimate the cost of common equity.
- •Identify some problems with the capm approach.
- •Explain the two approaches that can be used to adjust for flotation costs.
- •Write out the equation for the weighted average cost of capital and explain.
- •Explain the calculation of debt structure in the capital structure used to calculate wacc.
- •Define the two factors that affect the cost of capital that are generally beyond the firm’s control.
- •Explain how a change in interest rates would affect each component of the weighted average cost of capital.
- •Three types of project risk and show the level of relevance.
- •Describe the pure play and the accounting beta methods for estimating individual project’s betas.
- •Identify some problem areas in cost of capital analysis. Explain how they invalidate the cost of capital procedures.
- •Define the determination of the capital structure weights that are used to calculate the wacc
What are agency costs, and who bears them?
An agency, in general terms, is the relationship between two parties, where one is a principal and the other is an agent who represents the principal in transactions In finance, two important agency relationships are those between stockholders and managers, and stockholders and creditors. Agency costs occur when a company's management or "agent" places his own personal financial interests above those of the shareholder or "principal." In other words, it’s a potential conflict of interests between the agent and principal. Agency costs must bear by shareholders. In the absence of any effort whatever to affect managerial behavior, and hence with zero agency costs, there will almost certainly be some loss of shareholder wealth due to improper managerial actions. Conversely, agency costs would be very high if shareholders attempted to ensure that every single managerial action coincided exactly with shareholder interests. Thus, the optimal amount of agency costs to be borne by shareholders should be viewed like any other investment decision. Some mechanisms to motivate agents to act in stockholders’ interests include Managerial compensation (specified annual salary, a bonus), Direct intervention by principal, the threat of firing, the threat of takeovers
Identify some factors beyond a firm’s control that influence its stock price.
we can lay out three basic facts here. (1) Any financial asset, including a company’s stock, is valuable only to the extent that the asset generates cash flows. (2) The timing of the cash flows matters—cash received sooner is better, because it can be reinvested to produce additional income. (3) Investors are generally averse to risk, so all else equal, they will pay more for a stock whose cash flows are relatively certain than for one with relatively risky cash flows. Because of these three factors, managers can enhance their firms’ value (and the stock price) by increasing expected cash flows, speeding them up, and reducing their riskiness.
Define ebitda and please define the reasons of calculating ebitda.
EBITDA stands for Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation & Amortization and is one of the most commonly used indicators of the profitability of a firm.
EBITDA=revenue-expences(excludingtax,interest.depr,amort) EBITDA can make a company look less expensive than it is
Using EBITDA we can find the net income available to stockholders.
EBITDA is a popular metric used for comparing companies.
EBITDA shows company’s profitability
All the same, one of the biggest reasons for EBITDA's popularity is that it shows more profit than just operating profits
Explain statement of cash flows and types of questions it answers.
Statement of cash flows is the financial statement reporting the impact of a firm’s operating, investing, and financing activities on cash flows over an accounting period.
The cash flow statement reports the cash generated and used during the time interval specified in its heading.
It answers the questions:
Where the money came (will come) from?
Where it went (will go)?
Is the firm generating enough cash to purchase the additional assets required for growth?
Is the firm generating any extra cash that can be used to repay debt or to invest in new product?
Will inadequate cash flows force the company to issue more stock?