- •Types of lexicology
- •2 Types of lexical units. The notion of lexical system.
- •3 Word as the main lexical unit
- •1. Positional mobility within the sentence;
- •2. Morphological uninterruptability;
- •3. Semantic intergrity.
- •4 The notion of lexical system
- •5 The theory of oppositions
- •6 Etymological structure of the english vocabulary
- •Native vocabulary
- •7 Borrowings
- •8 Borrowings can be classified according to different criteria:
- •Italian borrowings.
- •9 Etymological doublets
- •International Words
- •10 Morphemes. Classification of morphemes
- •1) Monomorphic;
- •11 Various Types and Ways of Forming Words.
- •12 Affixation
- •13 Prefixation
- •1. Semantic classification :
- •2. Origin of prefixes:
- •14 Conversion
- •15 Composition
- •Classifications of english compounds
- •16 Abbreviation
- •Graphical abbreviations
- •Initial abbreviations
- •17 The meaning of the word
- •Lexical meaning
- •Denotational meaning
- •19 Polysemy
- •20 Semantic changes
- •21 Semantic classification of the english vocabulary
- •22 Synonyms
- •24 Homonyms
- •27 Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary
- •28 . Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •27 Special literary vocabulary a) Terms
- •B) Poetic and Highly Literary Words
- •C) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
- •D) Barbarisms and Foreignisms
- •E) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)
- •28. Special colloquial vocabulary a) Slang
- •B) Jargonisms
- •C) Professionalisms
- •D) Dialectal words
- •E) Vulgar words or vulgarisms
- •F) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •29 Local varieties of english .Variants and dialects
- •1. Identify the denotational and connotational aspects of lexical meaning of the given words.
- •2. Define the kind of association involved in the semantic change.
- •4.Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the given words.
- •5. Organize the given words in accordance with their hyponymic relations. Enumerate the general terms (hyperonyms)
- •7. Give derivational antonyms to the following:
- •8Classify the given words into: 1) homonyms proper, 2) homophones; 3) homographs. Give meanings of these words
- •2. Form words with a negative meaning, using in-, un, - dis, - or de-
- •3 A) Translate the compound words into Russian. B) Compare the meaning of the compound word with that of its components.
- •5 Determine the original components of the following blends. Define which type (additive or restrictive) the blends belong to.
- •6 Define which words have been combined to form the following computer terms. Give their
- •7 According to their pronunciation classify the given acronyms into two groups:
- •11 Give the words denoting sounds produced by the animals enumerated below.
- •12. Translate the following into English, using sound-imitative words:
- •Phraseology
- •1. Show that you understand the meaning of the following phraseological units by using each of them in a sentence.
- •2. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the semantic principle.
- •2. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the structural principle. Translate the Phraseological units into Russian.
- •3. Group the following italicized phraseological units, using Professor Koonin’s classification system. Translate them into Russian.
- •Exercises. Diversity and variety of the English language
- •Interpret the following phrases containing Cockney slang.
- •Ex 6 Write the following words according to the British norms of spelling.
- •Список экзаменационных вопросов по лексикологии
5. Organize the given words in accordance with their hyponymic relations. Enumerate the general terms (hyperonyms)
train, light, lorry, bicycle, vehicle, cabriolet, car, heavy lorry, estate car, motorcycle, bus, lorry, three- door hatchback, three way dump truck, turtle, mammal, squirrel, animal, reptile, seal, tiger, lizard, leopard, fox, wolf, iguana, bear, snake, feline, panther.
6. Analyze the reasons for using the following euphemisms and classify them according to the following groups:
Superstitious taboos: devil- deuce, dickens, etc;
Social and moral taboos: spit- expectorate, pantaloons- nether garments;
The need to soften painful news:to die- to pass away, to be no more;
Using a learned word which sound less familiar, hence less offensive: over- eating- indigestion.
To eat - to partake of food, to partake of refreshment, to refresh oneself.
To die - to breath one’s last, to depart this life, to pay one’s debt to nature, to go to one’s last home, to go the way of all flesh, to kick the bucket, to hop the twig, to join the majority.
Mad - deranged, insane.
Cemetery - memorial park, necropolis.
Sweat - perspiration.
Foolish- unwise.
God- Dear me! Oh, my! Good gracious! Golly! Gosh!
Trousers - inexpressibles, indescribables, unmentionables, unwhisperables, one’s mustn’t-mention-‘ems, one’s sit-upons, sine qua nons, drawers, pants.
Pawn – shop – loan - office.
Pregnant- in the family way, in an interesting (delicate) condition.
Toilet- water- closet, retiring room, public comfort station.
7. Give derivational antonyms to the following:
Just, justice, use (v), use (n), fortunate, fortune, grateful, gratitude, like (v), like (adv), life, lively, movable, moved, related, relative.
8Classify the given words into: 1) homonyms proper, 2) homophones; 3) homographs. Give meanings of these words
Made-maid, row – row, week- weak, seal – seal, tear – tear, bread – bred, band – band, sum – some, fall – fall, wind- wind, base – base , desert – desert, hare – hair, sewer- sewer, corn–corn.
EXERCISES (MORPHOLOGY)
1. Segment the following words into morphemes. Define (a) the semantic types and (b) the structural types of morphemes constituting the given words.
Model: aimless. The word aimless can be segmented into two morphemes: aim- + -less.
a) Semantically aim- is a root-morpheme; -less is an affix.
b) Structurally aim- is a free morpheme; -less is a bound morpheme.
Beggarly, postman, shorten, destabilize, sympathy, fruitfulness, maltreatment, disaffected, overrule, photographic, half-eaten, theory, rent-free.
2. Form words with a negative meaning, using in-, un, - dis, - or de-
Ability, able, accessible, action, dispensable, admissible, expected, comprehensible, to tie, eatable, to bind, to charge, to obey, to organize, to mobilize, to bolt, just, justice.
3 A) Translate the compound words into Russian. B) Compare the meaning of the compound word with that of its components.
Lady-bird, nobleman, grandfather, bluebell, butter-fingers, bluestocking, lady-killer, bird’s-eye, mother-of-pearl, mother-of-thousands, mother’s mark, mother country, mother -ship, masterpiece, master key, sundew, sunflower, sunfish, cock-a-hoop, cock-horse, horse-fly, horse-marine, horse-radish, dough-boy, white-livered, red coat, red-handed, black sheep, red tape.
4 In accordance with the part that is cut off to form a new word classify shortening into four groups: 1) initial shortenings (aphesis); 2) medial shortenings (syncope); 3) final shortenings (apocope); 4) both initial and final shortenings
Model net – internet The initial part of the original word is cut off. Consequently, the new word refers to the first group.
hols< holidays; vac < vacuum cleaner; fee < detective; plane<aeroplane; Frisco < (San) Francisco; quiz < inquisitive; bus < omnibus; curiosity; miss < mistress; sport < disport; soccer < Association football:fan < fanatic; circs < circumstances; chute < parachute; Aline -Adeline; cert < certainty; tend < attend; mart < market; coke < coca-cola, Liz < Elizabeth; prep-school < preparatory-school; gator <alligator, cuss < customer.