- •Types of lexicology
- •2 Types of lexical units. The notion of lexical system.
- •3 Word as the main lexical unit
- •1. Positional mobility within the sentence;
- •2. Morphological uninterruptability;
- •3. Semantic intergrity.
- •4 The notion of lexical system
- •5 The theory of oppositions
- •6 Etymological structure of the english vocabulary
- •Native vocabulary
- •7 Borrowings
- •8 Borrowings can be classified according to different criteria:
- •Italian borrowings.
- •9 Etymological doublets
- •International Words
- •10 Morphemes. Classification of morphemes
- •1) Monomorphic;
- •11 Various Types and Ways of Forming Words.
- •12 Affixation
- •13 Prefixation
- •1. Semantic classification :
- •2. Origin of prefixes:
- •14 Conversion
- •15 Composition
- •Classifications of english compounds
- •16 Abbreviation
- •Graphical abbreviations
- •Initial abbreviations
- •17 The meaning of the word
- •Lexical meaning
- •Denotational meaning
- •19 Polysemy
- •20 Semantic changes
- •21 Semantic classification of the english vocabulary
- •22 Synonyms
- •24 Homonyms
- •27 Stylistic classification of the english vocabulary
- •28 . Neutral, common literary and common colloquial vocabulary
- •27 Special literary vocabulary a) Terms
- •B) Poetic and Highly Literary Words
- •C) Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words
- •D) Barbarisms and Foreignisms
- •E) Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)
- •28. Special colloquial vocabulary a) Slang
- •B) Jargonisms
- •C) Professionalisms
- •D) Dialectal words
- •E) Vulgar words or vulgarisms
- •F) Colloquial coinages (words and meanings)
- •29 Local varieties of english .Variants and dialects
- •1. Identify the denotational and connotational aspects of lexical meaning of the given words.
- •2. Define the kind of association involved in the semantic change.
- •4.Analyze the meanings of the italicized words. Identify the result of the changes of the connotational aspect of lexical meaning in the given words.
- •5. Organize the given words in accordance with their hyponymic relations. Enumerate the general terms (hyperonyms)
- •7. Give derivational antonyms to the following:
- •8Classify the given words into: 1) homonyms proper, 2) homophones; 3) homographs. Give meanings of these words
- •2. Form words with a negative meaning, using in-, un, - dis, - or de-
- •3 A) Translate the compound words into Russian. B) Compare the meaning of the compound word with that of its components.
- •5 Determine the original components of the following blends. Define which type (additive or restrictive) the blends belong to.
- •6 Define which words have been combined to form the following computer terms. Give their
- •7 According to their pronunciation classify the given acronyms into two groups:
- •11 Give the words denoting sounds produced by the animals enumerated below.
- •12. Translate the following into English, using sound-imitative words:
- •Phraseology
- •1. Show that you understand the meaning of the following phraseological units by using each of them in a sentence.
- •2. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the semantic principle.
- •2. In the examples given below identify the phraseological units and classify them on the structural principle. Translate the Phraseological units into Russian.
- •3. Group the following italicized phraseological units, using Professor Koonin’s classification system. Translate them into Russian.
- •Exercises. Diversity and variety of the English language
- •Interpret the following phrases containing Cockney slang.
- •Ex 6 Write the following words according to the British norms of spelling.
- •Список экзаменационных вопросов по лексикологии
12 Affixation
Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English. It consists in adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech. Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation.
Suffixation.
The main function of suffixes in Modern English is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. ( e.g. «educate» is a verb, «educatee» is a noun, and « music» is a noun, «musicdom» is also a noun) .
There are different classifications of suffixes:
1. Part-of-speech classification. Suffixes which can form different parts of speech are given here:
a) noun-forming suffixes, such as : -er (criticizer), -dom (officialdom), -ism (ageism),
b) adjective-forming suffixes, such as : -able (breathable), less (symptomless), -ous (prestigious),
c) verb-forming suffixes, such as -ize (computerize) , -ify (micrify),
d) adverb-forming suffixes , such as : -ly (singly), -ward (tableward),
e) numeral-forming suffixes, such as -teen (sixteen), -ty (seventy).
2. Semantic classification. Suffixes changing the lexical meaning of the stem can be subdivided into groups, e.g. noun-forming suffixes can denote:
a) the agent of the action, e.g. -er (experimenter), -ist (taxist), -ent (student),
b) nationality, e.g. -ian (Russian), -ese (Japanese), -ish (English),
c) collectivity, e.g. -dom (moviedom), -ry (peasantry, -ship (readership), -ati ( literati),
d) diminutiveness, e.g. -ie (horsie), -let (booklet), -ling (gooseling), -ette (kitchenette),
e) quality, e.g. -ness (copelessness), -ity (answerability).
3. Lexico-grammatical character of the stem. Suffixes which can be added to certain groups of stems are subdivided into: a) suffixes added to verbal stems, such as : -er (commuter), -ing (suffering), - able (flyable), -ment (involvement), -ation (computerization),
b) suffixes added to noun stems, such as : -less (smogless), ful (roomful), -ism (adventurism), -ster (pollster), -nik (filmnik), -ish (childish),
c) suffixes added to adjective stems, such as : -en (weaken), -ly (pinkly), -ish (longish), -ness (clannishness).
4. Origin of suffixes. Here we can point out the following groups:
a) Native (Germanic), such as -er,-ful, -less, -ly, ness, ing, dom, hood, ship, th, let,wise,
b) Romanic, such as: -tion, -ment, -able, -eer,-age,- ard,-ate,- ee, -ess,
c) Greek, such as: -ist, -ism, -ize.
d) Russian, such as: -nik.
5. Productivity. Here we can point out the following groups:
a) productive, such as : -er, -ize, --ly, -ness, ation, ance, ry,able, ize,ify
b) semi-productive, such as : -eer, -ette, -ward.
c) non-productive , such as : -ard (drunkard), -th (length), full,ous.
13 Prefixation
Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes. Prefixes can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words. Prefixes used in notional words are proper prefixes, which are bound morphemes, e.g. un- (unhappy). Prefixes used in functional words are semi-bound morphemes because they are met in the language as words, e.g. over- (overhead) ( cf over the table ).
The main function of prefixes in English is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. But the recent research showed that about twenty-five prefixes in Modern English form one part of speech from another (rebutton, interfamily, postcollege etc).
Prefixes can be classified according to different principles: