The Court system of the usa

The American court system is complex. Beneath the Supreme Court, Congress has created two distinct types of federal courts: 1) constitutional courts and 2) special courts.

The constitutional courts are the federal courts that Congress has formed to exercise “the judicial power of the United States”. They are sometimes called the “regular courts”. Together with the Supreme Court, they now include: the Courts of Appeals, the District Courts, and the Court of International Trade.

The special courts have been created by Congress to hear cases arising out of certain of the expressed powers given to Congress. They hear a much narrower range of cases than those, which may come before the constitutional courts.

The special courts are sometimes called the “legislative courts”. Today, they include the Court of Military Appeals, the Claims Court, the Tax Court, the various territorial courts, and the courts of the District of Columbia.

The Supreme Court of the United States is the only court specifically created in the Constitution. It is made up of the Chief Justice of the United States, and eight Associate Justices. The Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdiction. Most of all, however, it is an appellate tribunal. Most of the cases it hears come to it on appeal from the lower federal courts and from the State supreme courts. It hears the disagreements between The Constitution and laws and it can declare unconstitutional.

The Court system of Ukraine

The judicial system of Ukraine is outlined in the 1996 Constitution of Ukraine. Before this there was no notion of judicial review nor any Supreme Court since 1991's Ukrainian independence. Inherited most of its principles from the court system of the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR, the court system of Ukraine is slowly being restructured.

Although judicial independence exist in principle, in practise there is little separation of juridical and political powers. Judges are subjected to pressure by political and business interests. Ukraine's court system is widely regarded as corrupt.^[4]

Ukrainian courts enjoy legal, financial and constitutional freedom guaranteed by measures adopted in Ukrainian law in 2010. Immunity from prosecution is guaranteed to judges.

Although there are still problems with the performance of the system, it is considered to have been much improved since the last juddicial reform introduced in 2002. The Supreme Court is regarded as being an independent and impartial body, and has on several occasions ruled against the Ukrainian government.

Ukraine has no jury system; most cases are heard by either a single judge or two judges accompanied by assessors.^[6] Ukraine has about 8,000 judges.^[6] Independent lawyers and human rights activists have complained Ukrainian judges regularly come under pressure to hand down a certain verdict.^[6]

The judicial system of Ukraine consists of four levels of courts of general jurisdiction, as follows:^[7]

Local Courts

• Local "general" courts (combining criminal and civil jurisdiction) consisting of:

  • district, urban district and town courts;

  • city courts in Kiev and Sevastopol.

• Local specialized courts (either commercial or administrative jurisdiction) consisting of:

  • regional courts;

  • commercial and administrative courts of the capital of Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

Courts of appeal

• Courts of Appeal (combining criminal and civil jurisdiction), consisting of:

  • regional courts of appeal;

  • court of appeal of the capital of Autonomous Republic of Crimea;

  • courts of appeal of the cities of Kiev and Sevastopol.

• Specialized Courts of Appeal (either commercial or administrative jurisdiction) consisting of:

  • commercial courts of appeal;

  • administrative courts of appeal.

Courts of cassation

Cassation Court of Ukraine existed until 2003.^[8] Those courts were recognized as unconstitutional by the Constitution Court of Ukraine.^[9]

High courts with specialized jurisdiction

• The High Specialized Court on Civil and Criminal Cases, covering civil and criminal cases;

• The High Administrative Court of Ukraine, covering administrative cases;

• The High Commercial Court of Ukraine, covering economic and commercial cases.

The Supreme Court of Ukraine

• Supreme Court is the highest court within the system of courts of general jurisdiction, conducting the review re unequal application of the rules of substantive law by the cassation courts and subject to cases when international judicial institution the jurisdiction of which is recognized by Ukraine has established the violation of international obligations by Ukraine.

Judges

• Congress of Judges of Ukraine

  • Council of Judges of Ukraine

  • Highest Qualification Commission of Judges (Ukraine)

  • State Court Administration of Ukraine

Conviction rate

Court judges maintained a 99.5 percent conviction rate from 2005 till 2008, equal to the conviction rate of the Soviet Union.^[10] In 2012 this number was 99.83 percent.^[11] Suspects are often incarcerated for long periods before trial.^[10]

Read and translate the text.

The system of law - the concept and structure

System of law - it is the internal structure of law, which is expressed in the unity and coherence of the law in this state, as well as in their distribution by branch of law and institutions of law.

In other words, the system of law - an ordered set of all existing legal norms of the state. Systematic array of all existing norms of law is manifested in their unity, intercoordination and consistency. Ordering of all applicable rules of law is manifested in their distribution by branch of law and institutions

The structure of the legal system - is objectively existing internal structure of the law of that State.

The main structural elements of the system of law: a) the rule of law; b) the institutions of law, c) the branch of law.

The Rule of law is the source component, those "building blocks" from which develops all the "house" system of law. Rule of law is always a structural element of a certain institute of law and the part of a particular branch of law

Institute of law is an isolated part of system of law, the body of law that regulates a certain direction of qualitatively similar public relations (eg, ownership, inheritance law, the institutions of civil rights).

Branch of law is an independent part of the system of law, the body of law that regulates a particular area of qualitatively similar public relations (for example, civil law regulates property relations).

Types of criteria for the allocation of the law on the areas of law are the following: a) the subject of legal regulation; b) the method of legal regulation.

The subject of legal regulation is a kind of qualitatively similar social relations that are set by law.

Method of legal regulation is a combination of techniques, methods and the means of the law to public relations. In other words, the method of legal regulation is a certain set of legal instruments by which the state somehow affects the voluntary behavior of subjects of social interaction (participants of public relations). The basis of the method of legal regulation are so called methods of legal regulation.

Among the methods of legal regulation bind, permission and prohibition are distinguished

Specific methods of legal regulation, ie. methods that are used in various areas of law we usually refere such methods: mandatory (method of imperious order, usually expressed in the form of standards-ban), permissive (is a choice of a particular variant of behavior under the law ) Reward (aims to encourage certain forms of lawful behavior), advisory (legal subjects recommended to certain forms of behavior).

In other words, the system of law - an ordered set of all existing legal norms of the state. Systematic array of all existing norms of law is manifested in their unity, intercoordination and consistency. Ordering of all applicable rules of law is manifested in their distribution by branch of law and institutions

The structure of the legal system - is objectively existing internal structure of the law of that State.

The main structural elements of the system of law: a) the rule of law; b) the institutions of law, c) the branch of law.

The Rule of law is the source component, those "building blocks" from which develops all the "house" system of law. Rule of law is always a structural element of a certain institute of law and the part of a particular branch of law

Institute of law is an isolated part of system of law, the body of law that regulates a certain direction of qualitatively similar public relations (eg, ownership, inheritance law, the institutions of civil rights).

Branch of law is an independent part of the system of law, the body of law that regulates a particular area of qualitatively similar public relations (for example, civil law regulates property relations).

Types of criteria for the allocation of the law on the areas of law are the following: a) the subject of legal regulation; b) the method of legal regulation.

The subject of legal regulation is a kind of qualitatively similar social relations that are set by law.

Method of legal regulation is a combination of techniques, methods and the means of the law to public relations. In other words, the method of legal regulation is a certain set of legal instruments by which the state somehow affects the voluntary behavior of subjects of social interaction (participants of public relations). The basis of the method of legal regulation are so called methods of legal regulation.

Among the methods of legal regulation bind, permission and prohibition are distinguished

Specific methods of legal regulation, ie. methods that are used in various areas of law we usually refere such methods: mandatory (method of imperious order, usually expressed in the form of standards-ban), permissive (is a choice of a particular variant of behavior under the law ) Reward (aims to encourage certain forms of lawful behavior), advisory (legal subjects recommended to certain forms of behavior).

Слова

постійний закон гравітації, менш постійні закони економіки, природні явища, порушити закон, істинний власник, забезпечувати покору, відмовитися, підкоритися, людська поведінка, описові закони, предписуючі закони, накладати покарання, зажадати відшкодування / повернення, вести себе відповідно з особистими стандартами моралі

be reconciled with — быть согласованным с

reciprocal network — взаимная (двусторонняя) связь

pawn in the hands of state power - залог в руках государственной власти

be pursued explicitly - проводиться ясно

apply logical criteria - применять логические критерии

within a given society — в пределах (в рамках) данного общества

merely - просто, только

govern political relations - управлять политическими отношениями

reflect a particular distribution of political power — отражать определенное разделение политической власти

very high degree of consensus - очень высокий уровень согласия

attach to orderly human relations — распространяться на упорядоченные (организованные) человеческие отношения

individual freedom under the law— свобода личности по закону

weaknesses and imperfections of human nature — слабости и недостатки человеческой натуры

reason for discarding law —основание для отступления от закона

means of regulating political conduct - способ регулирования политического поведения

tear up the rules — нарушать правила

cease to exist — прекратить существование

total disbelief in the value of the individual or in the possibility of public good — полное неверие в ценность личности или в возможность общественного добра

matchless constitution — неподходящая конституция

one branch of human learning and experience - одна ветвь человеческого знания и опыта

make life more tolerable and less brutish - сделать жизнь более терпимой и менее жестокой

Higher court, Lower court, Court of first instance , Open hearing, Closed session, To administer justice, To hear a case, To close a case, To hear an appeal, To review the decision, To pass sentence on smb, To find guilty/not guilty, To appeal against the decision, To rule on a case

1.	unwritten law неписаний закон
2.	civil law цивільне право
3.	criminal law кримінальне право
4.	natural law природне право
5.	law of nature закон природи
6.	Mosaic laws Мойсеєві закони (бібл.)
7.	law of nations міжнародне право
8.	canon law канонічне право
9.	to keep within the law дотримуватися закону
10.	to be equal before the law бути рівним перед законом
11.	question of law питання права
12.	doctor of law доктор юридичних наук
13.	law of self-preservation інстинкт самозбереження
14.	law of probability теорія ймовірності
15.	the faculty of law юридичний факультет
16.	law-book звід законів
17.	law-sheep бараняча шкіра для палітурок юр. довідників
18.	lawsuit судовий процес
19.	lawmaker (lawgiver) законодавець

a native-born American citizen	за народженням громадянин США	would be allotted one vote only	повинно було бути надано тільки один голос
peculiar	особливо	presidential term	президентський термін
vote directly for	голосують безпосередньо за	official duties	Посадові обов'язки
a slate of presidential electors	пакет президентських виборців	inauguration ceremony	в церемонії інавгурації
Candidates for the presidency	Кандидати в президенти	takes an oath of office	приймає присягу
presidential election	президентські вибори	chief justice	головний суддя
appear on the ballots	з'являються у виборчих бюлетенях	solemnly swear	урочисто присягаюся
electoral votes	голосів вибірників	inaugural address	інавгураційна промова
Electoral College	колегія вибірників	electors	виборці
cast their votes	віддали свої голоси	of popular votes	популярні голоси
respective states	відповідні штати	stipulate	передбачати
the House of Representatives	палата представників	voting as a unit	голосування в якості одиниці

legal (a) - правовий, законний, юридичний		substantial (a) - суттєвий, важливий
provide (v) - давати, забезпечувати		rival (a) - що змагається
assert (v) -стверджувати		immanent (a) - постійний
enact (v) - постановляти, приймати		correspond (v) -соответствовать
summarize (v) резюмував, підводити підсумок		unjust (a) - несправедливий
profound (а) - глибокий		influence (п) - вплив
influential (а) - впливовий		Anglophone (а) - англомовний
argue (v) –стверджувати, доводити		notion (n) - поняття, думка, уявлення
sovereign (n) - монарх, правитель		back (v) - підтримувати
threat (n) -загроза		set forth (v) - викладати, формулювати
statute (n) - статут, писаний закон
internal structure-Внутрішня структура	the institutions of law-інститути права
coherence-когерентість	the branch of law-галузь права
distribution-розподіл	the source component-компонент-джерело
The Rule of law-Норми права	legal norms-правові норми
branch of law-галузь права	array-масив
Institute of law-Інститут права	To manifest-щоб проявити
isolated-ізольовані	intercoordination-взаємоузгодження
the body of law-звід законів	consistency.-консистенція.
qualitatively similar public relations-якісно подібні соціальні відносини	applicable rules-застосовні правила
inheritance law -спадкове право	the subject of legal regulation-предметом правового регулювання
voluntary behavior-вольова поведінка	social interaction-соціальна взаємодія
methods of legal regulation-методи правового регулювання	bind-зв'язки
permission-дозвіл	prohibition-заборона
mandatory-обов'язково	method of imperious order-метод владного порядку
permissive-диспозитивний	Reward-винагороджуючий
advisory-консультативна
internal structure-Внутрішня структура	the institutions of law-інститути права
coherence-когерентість	the branch of law-галузь права
distribution-розподіл	the source component-компонент-джерело
The Rule of law-Норми права	legal norms-правові норми
branch of law-галузь права	array-масив
Institute of law-Інститут права	To manifest-щоб проявити
isolated-ізольовані	intercoordination-взаємоузгодження
the body of law-звід законів	consistency.-консистенція.
qualitatively similar public relations-якісно подібні соціальні відносини	applicable rules-застосовні правила
inheritance law -спадкове право	the subject of legal regulation-предметом правового регулювання
voluntary behavior-вольова поведінка	social interaction-соціальна взаємодія
methods of legal regulation-методи правового регулювання	bind-зв'язки
permission-дозвіл	prohibition-заборона
mandatory-обов'язково	method of imperious order-метод владного порядку
permissive-диспозитивний	Reward-винагороджуючий
advisory-консультативна

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