Vernacular names

Eng.- Spiny Bamboo, Thorny Bamboo, Bamboo. Hindi- Bans, Kantabans,

Kattang, Magarbans, Malbans. Beng.- Bans, Behurbans, Ketua, Kutuasi,

Bansha. Guj.- Toncor, Wans, Gemeiner Bambos, Bans. Kan.- Biduru. Mal.-

Illi, Kampu, Kaniyaram, Karmmaram, Mula, Mulmulam, Pattil, Tejanam,

Trinadhavajan, Valiyamula, Venu, Mungil, Moongil. Mar.- Dougi, Kalak,

Mandga, Padhai, Conogui, Kananki, Vellu, Bans, Bambu. Punj.- Magar.

Tam.- Ponteveduru, Ambal, Ambu, Aril, Iraivarai, Kalai, Kambui, Mulai,

Bongu, Kuluaimungil, Masukkaram, Miruttusam, Nettil, Tattai, Panai, Valai,

Venu, Veyal, Vindil, Mungil, Mangal, Moongilanisi, Moongiluppu. Tel.-

Bongu, Bonguveduru, Kichakamu, Maskaramu, Mudusuveduru, Pentiveduru,

Trinadhvajamu, Veduru, Bonga, Vedurubeeam, Vederuppu. Arab.-

Tabashira, Qasab. Assam- Kotoha, Bnah, Kata, Koto, Kotoha.

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VANSHA Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.

465

Burm.- Kyakatwa. Oriya- Beudobaunso, Kontabanso, Kontabaunso. Pers.-

Nai, Tabasheer. Urdu- Bansa Gond.- Katiwadur. Central Provinces.-

Kattang Kon.- Kalak, Padhai, Conogui, Kananki, Vellu, Vaso. Kumaon.-

Kantabans. Santal.- Mat (Kirtikar and Basu, 1989; Chopra et al., 1958, 2002;

B.N., 1982; Nadkarni, 1976; Anonymous, 2000a; Vaidya, 1985; Nair and

Mohanan, 1998; Sharma, 1978; Anonymous, 1988; Anonymous, 1994;

Agarwal, 1997; Asolkar et al., 1992; Watt, 1972).

Vansalochana:

Eng.- Bamboo manna. Hindi.- Bans-lochana, Banskapur. Ben.- Bans-Kapur. San.- Vanshalochana, Venulavanam. Arab.- Tabashir. Mar.- Bansa,

Vanshalochana, Bansamitha. Guj.- Vanskapur, Vas-nu-mitha. Tam.-

Munga-luppa. Tel.- Veduruppu. Mal.- Moleuppa. Kan.- Bidaruppu,

Tavakshira. Burma.- Vd-chha, Vathega-kiyo, Vasan, Vathe gasu (Watt,

1972).

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

Thorny tree, stems many, tufted on a stout root-stock, grows upto 30 meter high; culms 15-18cm across; nodes prominent, the lower emiting horizontal

almost naked shoots armed at the nodes with 2-3 stout recurved spines;

internodes upto 45 cm. long. Leaves 17.5 - 20.5 X 2-2.5 cm, linear or linear -

lanceolate, tip stiff, glabrous or puberulous beneath, margins scabrous, base

cilliate, mid-rib narrow, leaf-sheath ending on a thick callus and shortly

bristly auricle. Inflorescence, an enormous panicles often occupying the

whole stem. Caryopsis (grain) oblong, 5-8 mm long, grooved on one side.

Flowering and Fruiting : Once in life time, often during September - May

(Cooke, 1967; Anonymous, 1996; Anonymous, 1988; Bole and Pathak, 1988;

Brandis, 1972).

DISTRIBUTION

A common bamboo found distributed throughout the moist parts of India,

upto an altitude of 1250 m particularly near river banks (Anonymous, 1988),

in Central and South India ascending upto 1100 m on the Nilgiri (Nadkarni,

1976), also cultivated in many places in North-West India and Bengal. It also

occurs in Sri Lanka, Malaya, Peru and Myanmar (Burma) (Chopra et al.,

1958; Gamble, 1967; Kirtikar and Basu, 1989; Brandis, 1972; Agharkar,

1991; Watt, 1972).

PART(S) USED

Leaf, root, shoot, seed, Vanshalochan (silicious crystalline deposition in the

nodal part of female plants). (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

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ACTIONS AND USES

Leaves are antileprotic, anthelmintic, astringent, emmengogue, beneficial in

dysmenorrhoea and haemoptysis. Infusion of leaves used internally in

bronchitis, fever, gonorrhoea and as an eyedrop, externally in leucoderma and

ulcers. Root is beneficial in ringworm, bleeding gums and joints pain.

Banslochan is antidiarrhoeal, antiparalytic, carminative, expectorant,

febrifuge, pectoral, stimulant, tonic and anti-hepatitis B virus (Chatterjee and

Pakrashi, 2001). The stem and leaves are useful in diseases of blood and

inflammatory conditions. The sprout and seeds are acrid, laxative, said to be

beneficial in strangury and urinary discharges (Chopra et al., 1958). Tabashir

or bamboo manna is considered to be sweet, aphrodisiac, cooling and used

against the diseases of the blood, tuberculosis, asthma, fever, leprosy,

anaemia and burning sensations (Kirtikar and Basu, 1989). The juice of the

flowers is used as a drop in the earache and deafness. The young shoots have

lethal action on mosquito larvae. The plant extract is used as a remedy in

snake and scropion bite (Chopra et al., 1958). The buds are tonic, its paste is

restorative, cooling and stomachic (Agarwal, 1997).

AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES

Rasa - Madhura, Kashaya.

Guna - Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna.

Vipaka - Madhura.

Veerya - Sheeta.

Seed - Rukshma, Ushana (A.H.Su.6.15).

Vanshalochana -Madhura and sheeta.

Doshaghnata - Vanshamoola-kaphapitta shamaka; Patrankur and fruit

Pittavardhaka; Vanshoalochana, Vatapittashamaka;

Vanshakarir - Vatapitavardhaka (A.H.Su.6.99) (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Karma -

External -Root Varnya and Kushthaghna, Patrankur Shothhara.

Internal - Patrankur Deepana, Pachana, Krimighna and Vidhahi; Fruit-

Krimighna; Vanshalochana Shamaka, Trishnanigrahana, Grahi, Hridya,

Raktasthambhaka, Raktashodhaka, Shwasahara, Mootrala, Jwarghna, Balya,

Brimhan; Leaf-Artavajanana; Phala - Lekhana and Vishaghna, Roots are

also Vishaghna (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Rogaghnata -

External - Paste of root used in Varnavikar, Bhasma used in Dadru, Kushtha

and Khalitya.

Internal- Agnimandya, Ajeerna, Krimi, Vamana, Atisara and Trishna roga,

Hridroga, Kasa, Shwasa, (C.S.Ci.18.72; S.S.Su.46.290), Mootrakrichchhara,

467

Jeernajwara, Kshayajajwara, Samanyaa daurbalya (C.S.Su.14.30), Visharpa

(C.S.Ci.21.125; A.H.Ci.18.11), used as splint in Bhanga (A.H.U.27.15).

Moola (root) used in Raktavikar, Mootrakrichchara and Eyedisease

(S.S.U.12.49; 26.32); Patrakwath (decoction of leaf) used in Rajarodha,

Kashtaartava and prasavauttargarbhashay shodhana; Vanshayava (seed)

used in Prameha Medoroga and Visha (A.H.U.18.15). Bark used in Vriddhi

roga (S.S.Ci.18.19), Karnashoola (S.S.U.21.15), Agada in sarpavisha

(S.S.Ka.5.78; A.H.U.36.66); Vanshalochana (Tabakshiri) used in Hridroga,

Mootrakrichchhra, Raktavikara, Yakshma (Tuberculosis), Shwasa, Kasa,

Kushtha (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Dose : Decoction 50-100 ml., Vanshalochana powder - 1-3 gm. (Sharma,

1978; B.N., 1982).

PHARMACOGNOSY

The silicious substance found near the joint inside is a white camphor like crystalline in appearance, slightly sticky to the tongue and sweet in taste

(Vaidya, 1982; Watt, 1972).

Physical constants

Vanshalochana or Tabakshir - Silica 90.56%, Potash 1.10%; Peroxide of Iron 0.90%; Alumina, 0.40%; Moisture 4.87% (Watt, 1972).

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Plant: Cholin, betain, cynogenetic glycosides, albuminoids (Leslic, 1978).

Shoot: Oxalic acid, reducing sugar, resins, waxes, HCN, benzoic acid (Ghosh

et al., 1938), diferuloyl arabinoxylanhexasaccharide, diferuloyl

oligosaccharide (Tadash, 1991), (5, 5‟-di-O-(diferul-9, 9‟-dioyl)-[-L-

arabinofuranosyl-(13)-O--D-xylopyranosyl-9 (14) -D-xylopyranose]

(taxiphyllin) (Leslic, 1978).

Seed: Arginine, cysteine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,

phenylamine, threonine, valine, tyrosine, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine

(Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 2001).

Leaves: Protein, gluteline, contains lysine, methionine, betain, cholin,

proteolytic enzyme, nuclease, urease (Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 2001).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Plant was found to have antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, ulcer healing (Muniappan and Sundaraj, 2003), uterine contraction (Tewari et al.,

1966) and antifertility (Vanithakumari et al.,1989) activities.

Significant increase in thyroid weight as well as higher excretion of

thiocyanate and iodine along with marked decrease in thyroid peroxidase

468

activity were reported by Chandra et al., (2004) in the people who take

bamboo shoots. This chronic bamboo shoots consumption was reported to

gradually develop a state of hypothyroidism (Chandra et al., 2004). B.

arundinacea is also reported for highest cell growth inhibition 81.9% in

Swiss Albino mice inoculated with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (Masud et

al., 2004)

TOXICOLOGY

Young shoots are lethal to mosquito larvae (Chopra et al., 1941).

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS

Avaleha and Paka - Pugakhanda, Chyavanprasha.

Churna - Dadimastaka churna, Sitopaladi churna.

Vati and Gutika - Brahmi vati.

Rasayoga - Mahatarunarka rasa (Anonymous, 1978; 2000).

TRADE AND COMMERCE

Vanshalochana - Two highly priced varieties of „Bansalochana‟ are available

in the market, the blue and the white, both having a sweet taste (Watt, 1972;

Chopra et al., 1958). The bazar stuff, mostly is imported from Malaya or

Singapore. It is purified and sorted as large, middle and very minute sized

crystals and then sold. (Vaidya, 1982).

Retail Market Price for the year 2003 was Rs. 1600/kg. (Bansal, 2003).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS

Tvakshiri or Tugakshiri is white in colour and used as substitute of

Vanshalochana. It is prepared from the tubers of Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.

Synthetic product is white, very shining, sticky to the tongue (Vaidya, 1982;

Watt, 1972).

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION

Bambusa occurs in moist forests as well as in temperate regions at high

altitudes. Seeds are the most convenient mode of propagation followed by

other conventional methods like layering, rhizome cuttings, culm cuttings,

pre-rooted and pre-rhizomed branch cuttings, branch cuttings nodal bud

chips, seedling multiplication, offset and clump division (Guha Bakshi et

al.,1999; Nadgauda et al., 1995 ).

In vitro rhizogenesis and precocious flowering in B. arundinacea was

reported by Ansari et al. (1996). Ten subculture-cycle-old clonal explants

from the seedling line of Bambusa arundinacea which exhibited in vitro

469

precocious flowering during the 6-7 subculture cycle were chosen and

cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BA for shoot

multiplication and 3 mg/L NAA for rooting. Root and flower primordia were

visible within 10 days and after 45 days of inoculation on rooting medium

respectively. Multiple shoots exhibited in vitro precocious flowering when

they were maintained on MS medium supplemented with NAA for a long

period of 45 days. Study on in vitro and in vivo flowering was also carried

out by Nadgauda et al. (1990; 1997).

Seeds were germinated in vitro on White's basal medium in dark within 1

week. When seedlings grew to a height of 4.5 cm, the coleoptile was excised,

used as explant and cultured in MS liquid medium. Proliferated shoots were

cultured on MS medium with 2.2M BAP and 5% coconut water. The

flowering cultures were sub-cultured at intervals of 30-45 days. Considerable

difference in the morphological characteristics of in vivo and in vitro

flowering was noted. Studies on flowering of Bamboo was also carried out by

John et al. (1993;1995).

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