Vernacular names

Eng.- Himalayan wild cherry, Bird cherry. Hindi- Padmakatha, Paddam,

Phaya, Padamakha, Padmakath, Padamak, Phaja, Padmakashtta,

Pajia, Paya. Beng.- Padmak, Padmakashtha. Guj.- Padmakathi,

Padmakanu lakadu, Padmakashtha, Padmak. Kan.- Padamaka. Mar.-

Padmakastha, Padmaka, Padmakasta. Punj.- Paja, Chabheearee,

Amalguckr, Chamiari, Paddam, Pajja, Pajia. Tam.- Patumugam.

Lepcha :- Kongki. Assam- Dieng sohiongkrem. Burm.- Panni. Kumaon -

Paddam, Paiya, Puya, Padam. Nepal- Paiyung (Kirtikar and Basu,

1989; B.N, 1982; Chopra et al., 1958, 1986; Anonymous, 1969;

Anonymous, 2000a; Anonymous, 1995; Sharma, 1978; Chatterjee and

Pakrashi, 1992; Watt, 1972; Vaidya, 1968).

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

A middle sized or large tree, bark smooth, brown, peeling off in horizontal strips exposing a shining copper coloured surface. Leaves membranous,

ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, blade 7.5-12.5 cm, glossy, nearly

glabrous, margin sharply serrate, with one or more conspicuous glands on the

petiole. Stipules long, 3-5 parted, glandular, fringed. Flowers white, pink or

crimson 2.5 cm in diameter in umbellate fascicles, peduncles long. Drupes ovoid, oblong or ellipsoid, 1.25-2 cm long, obtuse at both ends, yellow or

reddish; stone ovoid, wrinkled and furrowed, pulp very little. Flowering and

283

PADMAKA Prunus cerasoides D.Don

284

Fruiting: October - May (Hooker, 1973; Anonymous, 1969; Chauhan, 1999;

Collett, 1971; Nair and Henry, 1983; Yoganarsimhan, 1996).

DISTRIBUTION

Indigenous and wild in the temperate Himalaya extending from Kashmir to Bhutan, Garhwal, Sikkim in Akai and Khasia hills in Assam, Manipur at

altitude of 900-2300m. (Anonymous, 1969). Found in the districts of

Chamba, Kangra, Manipur, Bilaspur, Kullu, Sirmour and Simla in

Himachal Pradesh upto elevation of 1800m., upper Burma (Kirtikar and

Basu, 1989), Kodaikanal, Utakamund. Also cultivated in the temperate

Himalaya from Kashmir to the North eastern part of India (Gamble, 1972;

Chopra et al., 1986; Chauhan, 1999).

PART(S) USED

Heart wood, stem, seed (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982)

ACTIONS AND USES

The heartwood is bitter, acrid, refrigerant, demulcent, antipyretic, vulnerary,

and causes flatulence. It is beneficial in leprosy, hallucinations, leucoderma,

erysipelas, burnings, vomiting, asthma, hiccough and thirst (Kirtikar and

Basu, 1989). Seed kernal is used in the treatment of stone and gravel in the

kidney (Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 1992; Chopra et al., 1958).

AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES

Rasa - Kashaya, Tikta. Guna - Laghu.

Vipaka - Katu.

Veerya - Sheeta.

Doshghnata - Kaphapittashamaka (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).,

Pittashamaka (A.H.Su.15.6).

Karma -Varnya (S.S.Ci.2.38), Kandughna, Kushtaghna,

Dahaprashamana (C.S.Su.3.27; A.H.Ci.5.70), Vedanasthapana,

Raktastambhana, Mootrala, Garbhasthapana, Jwarghna (Sharma,

1978; B.N., 1982).

Rogaghnata - Shirashool (C.S.Su.3.24), Kandu, Kushtha (C.S.Ci.7.68;

S.S.Ci.9.8; A.H.Ci.19.8), Visarpa (C.S.Ci.21.77, 87; S.S.Ci.17.8;

A.H.Ci.18.14), Daha (C.S.Su.3.27), Nadishool, Vamana, Trishna

(A.H.Su.15.16), Raktapitta (C.S.Ci.29.93; A.H.Ci.2.27), Ashmari

(C.S.Ci.29.112), Visha (C.S.Ci.23.200; S.S.Ka.5.68;), Amashaya-

Shaithilya, Dhoompanyoga (C.S.Su.5.21), Jwara (A.H.Ci.1.56;

285

C.S.Ci.3.258 ; 15.138), Prameha (Pittaja) (C.S.Ci.6.30; A.H.Ci.12.18),

Rajyakshma (C.S.Ci.8.82; A.H.Ci.5.70), Shotha (C.S.Ci.12.65;

A.H.Ci.17.22) Grahani (C.S.Ci.15.126; A.H.Ci.10.35), Hikka, Shwasa

(C.S.Ci.17.80, 145; A.H.Ci.4.13), Kasa (C.S.Ci.18.88, 172; A.H.Ci.3.10,

172), Urasthambha (C.S.Ci.27.30), Vrana (S.S.Ci.2.40; A.H.U.25.65),

Bhagandar (S.S.Ci.8.44), Vasti (S.S.Ci.38.52; C.S.Si.3.48; A.H.Ka.4.12),

Agada (S.S.Ka.8.49), As Dhupan (A.H.Ci.21.76), Netraroga (S.S.U.17.90,

93), Raktavikar (S.S.U.40.121), Arsha (A.H.Ci.8.113) (Sharma, 1978;

B.N., 1982).

Doses : Powder 1-3 gm.

PHARMACOGNOSY

Macroscopic

Heart wood - Available in variable sized pieces, yellowish - brown to

orange, to which some whitish portion of sap wood still attached; heavy,

dense,moderately hard and very strong, annual rings distinctly marked by an

irregular and not continuous belt of numerous pores; odour very faint;

tasteless.

Microscopic

Mature heart wood consisting of vessels, fibres, tracheids and xylem

parenchyma traversed by xylem rays; vessels lignified, moderately thin-

walled, reticulate thickening, fairly large with bordered pits having an oval-

shaped, lateral perforation at each end, measuring upto 220in length and

upto 68in width; fibres occur mostly in groups, usually found associated

with other xylem elements, moderately thick-walled, lumen narrow,

pointed at both ends, 55-137 long; tracheids usually thick-walled,

lignified, elongated cells; xylem parenchyma composed of thick-walled,

found associated with vessels and fibres, oval to elongated, polygonal

cells, xylem rays uni- to multiseriate, uni- and biseriate more common,

multseriate generally 3-5 cells wide, 40-50 cells high; cut material, when

treated with ferric chloride solution turn yellowish, pigments blue or black,

indicating tannin (Anonymous, 2001; Gamble, 1972)

Powder microscopy

Heart wood powder reddish-brown in colour; shows fragments of abundant

groups of or single pointed fibres measuring 55-137 in length, moderately

thick-walled, fairly large vessels with reticulate thickening and bordered

pits, thick-walled, lignified tracheid cells, pieces of ray cells and xylem

parenchyma cells (Anonymous, 2001).

286

Physical constants

Total Ash - Not more than 1%; Acid insoluble ash-Not more than 0.5%;

Alcohol soluble extractive - Not less than 3%; water soluble extractive - Not

less than 1% (Anonymous, 2001).

Thin Layer Chromatography

TLC of the alcoholic extract on silica Gel „G‟ plate using Toluene:

Ethylacelate (9:1) shows under UV (360nm) a fluorescent zone at Rf. 0.64

(blue). On exposure to lodine vapour seven spots appear at Rf. 0.15, 0.32,

0.42, 0.53, 0.59, 0.64 and 0.76 (all yellow). On spraying with Vanilline -

Sulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for ten minutes at 105C four

spots appear at Rf. 0.15, 0.32, 0.53 and 0.59 (all violet) (Anonymous,

2001).

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Heartwood: Dihydrotectochrysin, dihydrowogonin, pinocembrin,

chrysin, naringenin, kaempferol, aromadendrin, quercetin, taxifolin,

7-hydroxy-5, 2, 4-trimethoxy flavanone(Carasinone), 2-hydroxy 2, 4,

4, 6‟- tetramethoxy chalcone (Carasidin), 2‟, 4‟ dihydroxy-2, 4, 6-

trimethoxy-chalcone (carasin) (Nagarajan and Parmar, 1977a, b).

Stem: Narigenin, apigenin, -sitosterol, sakuranetin, prunetin,

genkwanin (Kalidhar and Sharma, 1984).

Sapwood: A flavone glycoside puddumin A [7-O-(-D-glucopyranosyl)-5-

O-methylnaringenin], genistein (Perkin and Newbury, 1899; Bahuguna et

al., 1987), prunetin (Finnemore, 1910), n-pentacosane, triacontane, n-

octacosanol,-sitosterol, ursolic acid , oleic, palmitic and stearic acids,

afzelin, kaempteritrin, naringenin,-sitosterol--D-glucoside (Bahuguna

and Jangwan, 1987).

Stem bark: Padmakastein and its derivatives, -sitosterol behenate,

tectochrysin, genistein, leucocynidin, 4-glucoside of genkwanin,

chrysophenol, emodin, 8 -D glucosides, orientalone, physcion,-

sitosterol glucoside (Garg et al., 1985), amygdalin, prunasetin (isoflavone),

sakuranetin, puddumetin, flavanone (Chakravarti and Ghosh, 1942-43;

Chakravarti and Bhar, 1942-43), sakuranetin (5, 4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy

flavone) and its 5-glucoside, neosakuranin (2, 4-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-6-

glucosidoxy chalcone), leucocyanidin (Chakravarti and Ghosh, 1942-43),

puddumin B (naringenin-4‟-methyl ether-7-O--D-galactoside) (Jangwan and

Bahuguna, 1989).

Root bark: Ursolic acid, stigmasterol, prunetinoside, glucogenkwanin,

(Thapliyal and Bahuguna, 1993).

287

Seed: Naringenin-5-O--L-rhamnopyranoside, 4-O-methyl-liquiritigenin-7-

O--L rhamnopyranoside, naringenin 4-methylether 7-xyloside, -

sitosterol-3-O-D-galactopyranoside (Shrivastava, 1982a, b).

Leaves: Quercetin-3-rhamnoglucoside, kaempferol (Cronenberger, 1959).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Plant was reported to have antispasmodic (Dhar et al., 1968) and antioxidant

(Blando et al., 2004) activities.

TOXICOLOGY

Although plant is not reported for any specific toxicity, it belongs to a genus

where most of species produce hydrogen cyanide that gives flavour to

almonds. Hydrogen cyanide present in very small quantities and therefore.

Stimutate respiration and improve digestion. Howerver, in excess, it can

cause respiratory facture and even death (www.ibiblio.org, 2007).

THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION

Puddu-min-A a flavonone glucoside from P. ceresoides showed the increased diuretic activity. Plant is not much explored but studies on behevioral

approaches after ingestion of plant are going on.

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS

Asava And Arista -Usirasava, Chandanasava, Dashmoolarista,

Mritasanjivani sura, Sarivadyasava.

Arka - Karpuradyarka.

Kvatha Churna - Draksadi Kvatha churna, Guduchyadi ghana Kvatha

churna.

Ghrita -Kasisadi ghrita, Maha Kalyanaka ghrita, Satavaryadi ghrita,

Brhatcchagaladya ghrita.

Churna - Sudarshana churna.

Taila - Arimedadi taila, Kumkumadi taila, Chandanadi taila, Jatyadi taila,

Triphaladi taila, Bala taila, Bhringaraja taila, Madhuyastyadi taila,

Ashvagandha taila, Guduchyadi taila.

Vati And Gutika - Khadiradi Gutika (Mukharoga) (Anonymous, 1978,

2000).

Other classical formulations: Padmakadileha (C.S.Ci.18.174),

Mahatiktaka ghrita (C.S.Ci.7.145), Chandanadya ghrita (C.S.Ci.15.126),

Manashiladi ghrita (C.S.Ci.17.145), Kirathadya churna (C.S.Ci.15.138),

Phalatrukadi churna (S.S.U.52.14), Madhuparnyadi taila (C.S.Ci.29.93),

Mahapadma taila (C.S.Ci.29.112).

288

TRADE AND COMMERCE

Retail market price for the year 2006 is Rs. 40 per kg.

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS

Var. rubeus Ingram andvar. majestica Ingram, grown in some area like

Darjeeling hills are used as substitute or an adulterants. (Anonymous, 1969).

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION

The tree reproduces freely from root suckers and can be grown from cuttings

with a heel in July/August. The seeds germinate readily. Seeds of the plants

requires 2-3 months cold stratification and is best sown in cold frame as soon

as it ripe. Stored seeds sown as early as in the year, sometime takes more

than 8 months to germinate (www.ibblio.org, 2007).

The seedlings are also used as a rootstock for the propagation of sweet cherry

by the orchardists (Chauhan, 1999; Anonymous, 1969).

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293

PUSHKAR

BOTANICAL NAME: Inula racemosa Hook. f.

FAMILY: Asteraceae

CLASSICAL NAMES

Paushkar, Pushkarmoola (C.S; S.S; A.H.), Pushkarahva, Pushkarajajata, Pushkarajata, Pushkarakhya, Paushkarmoola (C.S.Ci; S.S.Ci.).

SYNONYMS

Brahmatirtha, Dheer, Kashmir, Kushthabheda, Moola, Moolapushkara,

Padinapatra, Padma, Padmapatra, Paushkarmoola, Pauskaram,

Pusharaja, Pushkakhya, Pushkarahvay, Pushkarshipha, Puskar,

Puskaram, Shwasari, Veeja (D.N., 1982; B.N., 1982; R.N., 1982; Sharma,

1978).