Vernacular names

Eng.- Rajmahal hemp. Hindi- Jiti, Chiti, Tongus, Maruvabel, Jartore, Chinaharu. Beng.- Chiti, Jiti. Tam.- Panjukkodi. Tel.- Karudushtupatige.

Oriya- Gha. Dehradun:- Maruabel. Nepal :- Bahuni lahara, Sunamarai.

Lepcha:- Kamtiongrik. Central India :-Babal jak. U.P. - Maruabel

(Sharma, 1978; Singh and Chunekar, 1972; Anonymous, 2000a; Anonymous,

1962; Watt, 1972; Anonymous, 1999; Yoganarsinhan, 1996, 2000).

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

A large stout, woody twining or climbing shrub with grey or pale brown, corky deeply furrowed bark, stem cylindrical, young branches tomentose.

Leaves simple, opposite, 5-25 x 6-15 cm, broadly ovate, acuminate, base

cordate with deep sinus and rounded lobes, tomentose on both sides. Flowers

bisexual, greenish-yellow in dense much branched compound cymes.

Follicles paired, valvety, tomentose 7.5 - 15 cm long, ovoid, lanceolate,

prominently marginal, glabrous, smooth and wrinkled on drying. Seeds

flattened, ovate-oblong, 1-1.3 cm long. Flowering: April-July; Fruiting:

January - March (Anonymous, 2001; Cooke, 1967; Yoganarsinhan, 1996,

2000; Duthie, 1960; Anonymous, 1962; Shah, 1978).

DISTRIBUTION

Throughout India extending in the north up to Sikkim and abundantly found

in Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Chittagong, Western ghats, Karnataka, Gujarat,

272

MURVA Marsdenia tenacissima Wight. & Arn.

273

Rajmahal hills, Timor, Eastern and Western Himalaya ascending upto 1500

m. (Anonymous, 1962). Also found in Sri Lanka, Burma and China (Duthie,

1960; Cooke, 1967; Gamble, 1967; Prasad et al., 1961; Watt, 1972).

PART(S) USED

Root (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

ACTIONS AND USES

The root is reported to be a remedy for colic pain. Recently, it has been claimed that the roots of this plant constitute the drug „white turpeth‟ of the

Indian market. The drug is a well-known purgative in Indian medicine

(Chopra et al., 1998).

AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES

Rasa - Tikta, Kashaya. Guna - Guru, Ruksha.

Veerya - Ushna.

Vipaka - Katu.

Doshaghnata - Tridoshhara (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Karma -

External - Twagdoshhara.

Internal - Stanyshodhana (C.S.Su.4-9.18), Triptighna (C.S.Su.4-9.11),

Virechana (S.S.Su.44.35), Deepana, Amapachana, Pittasaraka, Anulomana,

Shoolprashamana, Krimighna, Raktashodhak, Hridya, Pramehaghna,

Swedajanana, Kushthaghna, Jwaraghna, Rasayana (A.H.U.39.155) (Sharma,

1978; B.N., 1982).

Rogaghnata -

External - Paste of root applied as lepa in Charmaroga.

Internal - Amadosha, Amlapitta, Kamala, Pandu (C.S.Ci.16.122;

A.H.Ci.16.11), Vivandha (S.S.Su.44.35), Shoola, Krimi, Hridayroga

(S.S.U.39.204; A.H.Ci.1.65), Raktavikar, Prameha (C.S.Ci.6.27; S.S.Ci.11.8;

A.H.Ci.12.25), Stanyavikar (C.S.Su.4-9.18), Kushtha (C.S.Ci.7.68;

S.S.Ci.9.9; A.H.Ci.19.33), Vishamjwara (C.S.Ci.3.205), Apasmara

(C.S.Ci.10.20; S.S.U.61.34; A.H.U.7.22), Grahani (A.H.Ci.10.34;

C.S.Ci.15.125), Shwasa (C.S.Ci.17.109), Kasa (C.S.Ci.18.86; A.H.Ci.3.133),

Vatarakta (C.S.Ci.27.32; S.S.Ci.5.12), Urasthabha (C.S.Ci.27.32), (Sharma,

1978; B.N., 1982).

Doses : Powder 3-6 gm; 10-20 gm for decoction (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

274

PHARMACOGNOSY

Macroscopic

Root - Cylindrical, unbranched, available in cut pieces of varying length and 0.5-3 cm thick, externally yellow to buff colour with dark brown patches on

the cork; outer surface marked with prominent longitudinal ridges, furrows

and transverse cracks; bark easily separable from wood; fracture short and

granular in bark region and fibrous in wood; odour distinct but unpleasant;

taste slightly bitter (Anonymous, 1999; Prasad et al., 1961).

Microscopic

Transverse section of root shows a cork, composed of 15-25 layers of thin-

walled, tangentially elongated, rectangular cells, some filled with reddish-

brown content; secondary cortex composed of an outer region of broken ring

of stone cells of varying thickness followed by wide zone of oval to

polygonal parenchymatous cells; stone cells yellow in colour, of variable

shape and size mostly round, oval to polygonal or linear; secondary phloem

composed of mostly parenchyma with small patches of sieve elements and

small strands of stone cells, similar to those present in secondary cortex; resin

cells present irregularly in this region; phloem fibres absent; phloem rays 1-3

cells wide; secondary xylem segmented and shows a wedge-shaped structure;

consisting of small tangential concentric bands of unlignified masses of

parenchymatous tissue; separated by similar concentric band of lignified

tissue, composed of vessels, tracheids, fibres, fibretracheids and xylem

parenchyma; in isolated preparation xylem vessels cylindrical to oblique with

transverse articulations, vary in shape and size, with bordered pits; fibres

much elongated with mostly tapering ends and pitted walls; thick-walled and

lignified parenchyma possess simple and bordered pits and scalariform

thickening; tracheids are narrower with tapering ends and some of them are

elongated and irregular in shape with small projection from their margin,

xylem fibres are narrow, wavy and pitted. Xylem rays not distinctly marked

where adjoining parenchyma are delignified; rosette and a few prismatic

crystals of calcium oxalate and abundant starch grains present in

parenchymatous tissue; starch grains simple, elliptical to spherical with

central hilum, 5.5-22diam, compound grains having 2-3 or rarely upto 6

components (Anonymous, 1999; Raghunathan and Mitra, 1982; Prasad et al.,

1961).

Powder microscopy

Root- powder light brown in colour; shows a number of stone cells, xylem fibres, tracheids, fibre-tracheids, vessels with pitted walls, fragments of cork,

rosette and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, simple and compound

starch grains measuring. 5.5-22 in diameter (Anonymous, 1999).

275

Physical constants

Total ash - Not more than 5%; Acid insoluble ash - Not more than 0.5%;

Alcohol soluble extractive - Not less than 7%; Water soluble extractive - Not

less than 14% (Anonymous, 1999).

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Plant: Steroidalglycosides (Shen and Chen, 2005), marstenacigenins A and B, dresgenin (Qiu et al., 1996), thirteen pregnane glycosides (Abe et al.,

2000).

Roots: 17-Marsdenin, 17-marsdenin, D-cymarose,-D-glucosyl-L-

thevetose, cinnamic acid, acetic acid (Rao et al., 1976), 13-(31,32-dimethyl-

30-methylene-21-acetoxytetradecanyl)-29-methyl-perhydrophenanthr-1,3-

diene (Goel and Ali, 2004).

Seed: Methyl glucoside as methyl-4-O-(3-O-methyl-6-deoxy--D

allopyranosyl) --D cymaroside (Singhal et al., 1980a, d), genins, sugars ,

methyl glycoside, sugars -D-cymarose, asclepobiose, D-canarose, 3-O-

methyl 6-deoxy-D-allose, isodrevogenin-P- (Singhal et al., 1980a),

drevogenin Q as 11-O-isovaleryl-12-O-acetyldrevogenin-P, 14-anhydro-17-

drevogenin-Q (Mittal et al., 1980; Singhal et al., 1980a), tenasogenin-11-O-

,-dimethylacryloyl, 3, 12, 14, 20R-tetrahydropregn-5-ene (Singhal et al., 1980a, b), cissogenin as 3, 11, 12, 14, 20S-pentahydroxypregn-5-

ene (Singhal et al., 1980a, c).

Stem: Tenacissosides A, B, C, D, E. Tenacissoside A as tenacigenin B-I 3-O-

D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-3-O-methyl-6-deoxy--D-pyranosyl-(14)-3-

O-methyl-6-deoxy--D-pyranosyl-(14)--D-oleandropyranoside,

tenassoside B as tenacigenin B-II 3-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-3-O-

methyl-6-deoxy--D-allopyranosyl-(14)-D-oleandropyranoside,

tenassoside C as tenacigenin B III 3-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-3-O-

methyl-6-deoxy--D-allopyranosyl-(14)--D-oleandropyranoside,

tenacissoside D as tenacigenin B IV 3-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-3-O-

methyl-6-deoxy--D-allopyranosyl-(14)--D-oleandropyranoside and

tenacissoside E as tenacigenin B-V 3-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(14)-3-O-

methyl-6-deoxy-allopyranosyl-(14)--D-oleandropyranoside (Miyakawa et

al., 1986), tenacissosides J and tenacissosides K (Xing et al., 2004),

tenacigenin A (Jun et al., 1980), marsdenosides A , B, C and D (Xia et al.,

2004), marsdenosides A-H , 12-O-2-methylbutyryl-tenacigenin A, 11,12- di-O-acetyltenacigenin B, 11-O-tigloyltenacigenin B (Deng et al., 2006), 12

-cinnamoyl-dihydrosarcostin and 12,20-dibenzoyldihydrosarcostin (Qiu et

276

al., 1996), 11-O-benzoyl-12-O-acetyl tenacigenin B,11a-O-tigloyl-12-O-

acetyl tenacigenin B, 11a-O-2-methylbutyryl-12-O-acetyl tenacigenin B,

11a-O-2-methyl butyryl-12-O-tigloyltenacigenin B, 11a-O-2-methyl

butyryl-12-O-benzoyl tenacigenin B and 11a, 12, O-ditigloyl-17-

tenacigenin B (Luo et al., 1993b), tenacissoside L, tenacissoside M (Wang et

al., 2006), tenacissosides G, H, I and marsdenosides C, G (Deng et al.,

2006).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Plant was found to have mild CNS-depressant, anthelmintic, antispasmodic

(Rao et al., 1976), cytotoxic (Luo et al., 1993b), antimutagenic (Lee and Lin,

1998) and anticancer (Miyakawa et al., 1986; Luo et al., 1993a,b) activities.

It had no effect on frog rectus abdominis muscle but enhanced the contraction

produced by acetylcholine. The extract was reported to be devoid of

antibacterial activity (Rao et al., 1976).

TOXICITY

Polyoxypregnanes from stem showed cytotoxic activity against the KB cell

lines (Luo et al., 1993).

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS

Asava and Arista - Ayaskriti, Kumaryasava.

Kvatha Churna - Brihanmanjisthadi Kvatha churna.

Guggulu - Maha yogaraja guggulu.

Churna - Sudarshan.

Ghrita - Maha Panchagavya ghrita.

Taila - Chandanabalalakshadi taila, Mahalakshadi taila.

Vati and Gutika - Marma gutika (Anonymous, 1978; 2000).

Other classical formulations - Madhuparnyadi taila

(C.S.Ci.29.94).Mahatikta ghrita, Chandanadya ghrita, Kiratadya churna,

Pancham Kshara (C.S.; S.S.; A.H.).

TRADE AND COMMERCE

Retail Market Price - Rs. 40 per kg. (2006).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS

Maerua arenaria Hook f and Th., Marsdenia roylei Wight, Clematis gouriana Roxb, C. triloba Linn. Helicteres isora Linn., Sanseviera

roxburghiana, Bauhinia tomentosa Linn., B. vahlii W & A., Chonemorpha

277

macrophylla G.Don are used as murva in different parts of the country or as

substitute (Anonymous, 2000a, Singh and Chunekar, 1972; Sharma, 1978;

Vaidya, 1982).

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION

Plant is vegetatively propagated owing to its low seed viability. Propagation

through leaf petiole is one of the easiest method as the petioles have a

capacity of rooting. Cuttings soaked for 1 minute in various concentrations of

IBA also root well. Leafy stem cuttings show maximum rooting at a

concentration of 1000 ppm IBA (Pandey and Singh, 2002).

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Wu Hsueh Pao. 22(1) : 67-74. C.A. 1981, 94: 4160r.

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BOTANICAL NAME:

FAMILY:

CLASSICAL NAMES

Padmaka (C.S.;S.S.;A.H.)

SYNONYMS

PADMAKA

Prunus cerasoides D. Don

Syn. P. puddum Roxb. ex Wall. Brandis

Rosaceae

Charu, Hima, Kaidara, Kedaraja, Malaya, Maleyo, Padmagandhi,

Padmakashtha, Padmaksha, Padmavhaya, Padmavriksha,

Patalapushpavarnaka, Patalaputrasanibha, Pita, Pitaka, Pitarakta,

Rakta, Shitala, Shitavirya, Shubha, Sugrabha, Suratbhav, Suprabha

(Sharma, 1978; D.N., 1982; B.N., 1982; R.N., 1982).