Vernacular names

Eng.- Box myrtle, Bay-berry. Hindi- Kaiphal, Kaiphar, Kaphala, Kaephala. Beng.- Kaiphal, Satsarila, Kayachala. Guj.- Kariphal, Kayaphala. Kan.-

Kirishivani. Mal.- Maruta, Marutamtoli. Mar.- Kayaphala, Kaephal,

Kaiphala. Punj.- Kaiphal, Kahela, Kahi, Kaphal. Tam.- Marudam,

Marudampate, Marudam pattai. Tel.- Kaidaryamu. Arab.- Ajuree, Azuri,

Udulbarka, Quantol, Udulisk, Kandul, Audul. Assam- Nagatenga. N.W.P.-

Kaiphal, Kaphal, Karphal. Pers.- Darashish aan, Kandula,

Dareshishamkandul. Sind.- Kaephal, Kaiphal. Urdu- Kaiphal. Kumaun-

Kaphal. Khasi hill- Soh-phi, Dingsolira. Lushai- Keirang. Nepal- Kobusi.

Malayese- Marutamtoli (Kirtikar and Basu, 1988; Nadkarni, 1976; Sharma,

1978; Anonymous, 2000a; Chopra et al., 1958; Anonymous, 1962; Watt,

1972; Vaidya, 1985; Singh and Chunekar, 1972; Anonymous, 2001;

Anonymous, 1987).

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

An evergreen dioecious tree, 3-15 m high, bark rough with deep vertical

wrinkles, grey or brownish-grey; young shoots, petiole and inflorescence

tomentose. Leaves simple, crowded towards the ends of branches, 7.5-12.5 x

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KATPHALA Myrica esculenta Buch, Ham ex D. Don

208

2.5 - 5 cm, lanceolate or narrowly oblong - ovate, entire, acute or obtuse, the

lower surface pale or rust colour, minutely gland dotted, aromatic. Flowers

minute, unisexual, glandular, male flowers in catkins upto 2.5 cm long,

solitary in the leaf axils or sessile on a common drooping axillary stalk,

female flowers in axillary, erect, 1.3-2.5 cm long. Fruit drupes, sessile, scaly,

globose or ovoid, succulent, reddish or cheese colour when ripe, stone

wrinkled, and pitted. Flowering : August-December; Fruiting : April-May

(Collet, 1971; Hooker, 1973; Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 1994; Chauhan, 1999;

Anonymous, 1962).

DISTRIBUTION

Found in sub-tropical or outer Himalaya from Ravi (Punjab) eastwards to

Assam, Arunachala Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, in

Khasia, Sylnet, Himachal Pradesh, Jaintia, Simla, Bengal, Naga and Lushai

hills at an altitudes to 900-2100 m. (Anonymous, 1962; Chauhan, 1999).

Native of China and Japan, also occurs in Malaya Islands, West Pakistan and

Singapore (Chopra et al., 1958; Hooker, 1973; Chatterjee and Pakrashi,

1994).

PART(S) USED

Stem bark, fruit (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

ACTIONS AND USES

Bark astringent, carminative, antiseptic, useful in fever, asthma, urinary

discharges, piles, bronchitis, throat complaints, tumours, anaemia, chronic

dysentery, ulcers, a good snuff in headache, collyrium for opthalmia and

other eye diseases (Kirtikar and Basu, 1988). Bark is chewed to relieve

toothache and a lotion prepared from it finds application for washing putrid

sores. Fruits yield a wax which is used externally for healing ulcers

(Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 1994).

AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES

Rasa - Kashaya, Tikta, Katu. Guna - Laghu, Tikshna.

Vipaka - Katu.

Veerya - Ushna.

Doshghnata - Kaphavatashamaka (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Karma - Kaphaghna, Shirovirechana, Shothahara, Kothagrashamaha,

Garbhashaya sankochaka, Vedanasthapana (C.S.Su.4.47), Deepana, Grahi,

Shadaprashamaha, Sandhaniya, Shothahara, Mootrasangrahaniya,

209

Shukrashodhana (C.S.Su.4.20), Kandughna, Twagdoshhara (Kushthaghna),

Sangyasthapaka (C.S.Su.4.48) (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Rogaghnata - Ardita, Shirahshoola (S.S.U.26.21), Agnimandya

(C.S.Ci.4.13), Atisara (C.S.Ci.19.54; A.H.Ci.9.59), Udarshoola, Arsha

(C.S.Ci.14.236; Si.4.13; A.H.Ci.8.151), Shotha (S.S.Ci.16.43), Pratishaya,

Kasa, Shwasa (C.S.Ci.18.113; 28.151; S.S.U.52.14; A.H.Ci.3.162),

Prameha, Shukradosha (C.S.Ci.6.27; Si.4.13; A.H.Ci.12.7), Yoniroga

(C.S.Ci.30.90; A.H.U.34.51), Vatarakta (S.S.Ci.5.8), Raktapitta

(C.S.Ci.4.72), Kushtha, Kandu (C.S.Ci.7.101; A.H.Ci.8.151), Nasaroga

(S.S.U.23.4), Netraroga (A.H.U.9.34), Mukharoga (A.H.U.22.85) (Sharma,

1978; B.N., 1982).

Doses : Stem bark powder 3-5gm, Fruit powder 3-5 gm. (Sharma, 1978;

B.N., 1982).

PHARMACOGNOSY

Macroscopic

Stem-bark - Drug occurs in pieces of variable length, 1-2.5 cm thick, slightly quilled, fissured longitudinally and transversely; outer surface rough,

grey to brownish-grey, inner surface dark brown and smooth; fracture hard;

taste bitter.

Microscopic

Mature stem bark shows multilayered cork, composed of rectangular,

tangentially elongated, thin-walled cells, some filled with red content;

secondary cortex a wide zone, composed of thin-walled, rectangular to

polygonal, parenchymatous cells, a number of cells filled with red colouring

matter and simple, round to oval starch grains measuring 6-11in diam.; a

number of stone cells, in singles or groups, circular, polygonal or oval, thick-

walled, lignified with simple pits and radiating canals, found scattered

throughout secondary cortex; secondary phloem consists of sieve elements,

phloem fibres, crystal fibres, stone cells and phloem parenchyma traversed by

phloem rays; numerous prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate present in

secondary phloem; phloem fibres with blunt or pointed end and highly thick-

walled, with very narrow lumen present in groups; stone cells similar to those

found in secondary cortex, mostly in singles or in groups of 2-3, sometimes

associated with fibre groups in phloem parenchyma; in isolated preparation

and tangential sections, crystal fibres show more than twenty chambers

having single prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate in each chamber; a

number of phloem parenchyma cells containing red colouring matter; phloem

rays 1-4 seriate containing red colouring matter (Anonymous, 2001).

210

Macroscopic

Fruit :- A drupe, ellipsoid or ovoid, 0.7-1.0 cm long, 0.5-0.7 wide, dark brown, surface tubercled, very hard; taste sourish sweet. Seed ovoid, 0.6 cm

long, 0.3 cm wide; surface very smooth, light brown; taste oily.

Microscopic

Fruit shows isodiametric epicarp cells in surface view, mass of reddish- brown, thin-walled, parenchymatous cells, a few elongated tubercled cells

with smooth walls; endocarp hard and stony consisting of sclerenchymatous

cells. Seed coat shows single layered, thick-walled, brown coloured cells;

cotyledons composed of single layered, thin-walled epidermal cells

containing oil globules and aleurone grains; mesophyll cells thin-walled,

isodiametric, fully packed with oil globules and aleurone grains (Anonymous,

2001).

Powder microscopy

Stem bark: powder rusty-red in colour; shows a number of stone cells,

phloem fibres, crystal fibres and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate and

simple, round to oval, starch grains measuring 6-11-4 in diameter

(Anonymous, 2001)

Fruit powder yellowish-brown; shows rectangular to hexagonal, thin-walled

seed coat and polygonal epidermal cells in surface view; tubercled

parenchymatous cells, oil globules and aleurone grains (Anonymous, 2001).

Physical constants

Value Stem Bark Fruit

Ash value Not more than 4% Not more than 5%

Acid insoluble ash Not more than 1% Not more than 2.5%

Alcohol soluble extractive Not less than 13%

Water soluble extractive Not less than 12%

(Anonymous, 2001).

Thin Layer Chromatography

Stem-bark

Not less than 15%

Not less than 17%

TLC of the alcoholic extract on Silica gel „G‟ plate using Toluene:

Ethylacetate (7:3) in visible light shows four spots at Rf. 0.08 (grey), 0.32

(yellow), 0.51 (grey) and 0.58 (yellow). Under UV (366 nm) three-

fluorescent zones appear at Rf. 0.49, 0.67 (both light blue) and 0.86 (blue).

On spraying with 5% Methanolic-Sulphuric acid reagent and heating the

plate at 110C for ten minutes six spots appear at Rf. 0.08, 0.21 (both grey),

0.35 (Pink), 0.52, 0.67, and 0.80 (all grey) (Anonymous, 2001).

Fruit: TLC of the alcoholic extract on silica gel „G‟ plate using n-Butanol:

Acetic acid: Water (4:1:5) shows in visible light five spots at Rf. 0.25, 0.43,

211

0.57, 0.75 (all grey.) and 0.88 (yellowish - green). Under U.V. (366 nm)

seven fluorescent zones are visible at Rf. 0.09, 0.18 and 0.30 (all light blue),

0.43 (green), 0.49 (blue), 0.65 (blue) and 0.71 (pink). On exposure to Iodine

vapour eleven spots appear at Rf. 0.07, 0.09, 0.12, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.43,

0.52, 0.57, 0.75 and 0.88 (all yellow). On spraying with 5% Methanolic-

Sulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for ten minutes at 110C six

spots appear at Rf. 0.09 (black), 0.30 (black), 0.57 (light brown), 0.71 (light

pink), 0.82 (light pink) and 0.88 (yellowish-green) (Anonymous, 2001).

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Root bark: 13-Oxomyricanol, (7,O) metacyclophane (Malterud and Anthonsen, 1980), myricetin, myricitrin - glycoside teraxerone, teraxerol,

myricadiol (Paul et al., 1974), 28-hydroxy-D-friedoolean-14-en-3-one

(Sakurai et al., 1986), betulin (Dischendorfer, 1926), castalagin (Sun et al.,

1988), sitosterol, teraxerol, triterpenediol, myricadiol (Agarwal et al.,

1963).

Stem bark: Proanthocyanidin (Krishnamoorthy and Seshadri, 1966),

sitosterol, tetraxerone (Sakurai et al., 1986), diarylheptanoid (Inoue et al.,

1984), 3-O-gallated prodelphinidin, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallated

epigallocatechin (48)- epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, 3-O-

galloylepigallocatechin (48)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (Sun et al., 1988), two diarylheptanoid glucosides, myricanol-5-O--D-(6‟-O-galloyl)

glucopyranoside and myricanol-5-O--D-glucopyranosyl (16)--D-

glucopyranoside, alphitolic, arjunolic, maslenic, oleanolic acid, acetyl oleanolic acid, myricolal, gallic acid (Yaguchi et al., 1988), myriconol

(Krishnamoorthy et al., 1963; Campbell et al., 1970), steroids, sugars,

glycosides, tannins, volatile oils (Nayar et al., 1979), myricanol, myricanone,

isomyricanone, asadenin. (Sun et al., 1988; Begley et al., 1971), friedelin

glycoside myricitrin, myricetin-3-rhamnoside, aleurilolonic acid,

acetoxyaleuritolate (Carpenter et al., 1980).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Plant was reported to have antiseptic, antipyratic, hypotensive, antiprotozoal

activity against Entamoeba histolytica (Dhar et al., 1968), antispasmodic

(Dhar et al., 1968), piscicidal (Ramanujan and Ratha, 1980) hypotensive,

myocardial depressant and vasodilator action (Nayak et al., 1980). Dried

water extract of stem bark showed analgesic action (Gupta et al., 1982). Fruit

extract showed antifungal activity (Bhatnagar et al., 1961). The Ethanolic

extract of stem bark showed marked inhibition of the multiplication of

212

Ranikhet disease virus (Dhar et al., 1968; Babbar et al., 1970), cutaneous

oxidative stress and toxicity (Alam et al., 2000).

TOXICOLOGY

Myricanol from the bark is reported toxic to fish (Krishnamoorthy et al., 1963; Chopra et al., 1958; Chopra et al., 1956).

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS

Kvatha Churna - Devadarvadi kvatha churna, Nyagrodhadi Kvath churna. Ghrita - Brihat phala ghrita.

Churna - Ashvagandhadi churna, Katphaladi churna, Pushyanuga churna.

Taila - Maha vishagarbha taila, Bala taila.

Vati and Gutika - Khadiradi gutika (Mukharoga and Kasa).

Rasayoga - Maha Vatagajankusha rasa (Anonymous, 1978; 2000).

TRADE AND COMMERCE

Retail Market Price - Rs. 30 per kg. (Prajapati, 2006).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS

Careya arborea Roxb. has been found to be used in place of Katphala in

some parts of India (Singh and Chunekar, 1972).

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION

Ornamental tree propagated by seeds, suckers and layering. Ripe fruits are

collected in May for edible purpose (Chauhan, 1999).

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BOTANICAL NAME:

FAMILY:

CLASSICAL NAMES

Kola, Badara (C.S.; S.S.; A.H.).

SYNONYMS

KOLA

Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.

Syn. Z. jujuba (Linn.) Gaertn.

Rhamnaceae

Ajapriya, Badari, Badarika, Balosta, Bary, Boroi, Ghonta, Ghoti, Golika, Karkali, Karkandhu, Kolak, Konkamber, Kool, Kuha,

Phalastonstrir, Phenila, Phitni, Sauvir, Shatrukantaka, Turaga, Turangi

(D.N., 1982; B.N., 1982; R.N., 1982).