Vernacular names

Eng.- Juniper, Common Juniper, Juniper berry. Hindi- Aaraar, Haubera,

Abhal, Havuber, Havubair. Beng.- Havusha, Hayusha. Guj.- Palash.

Kan.- Padma beeja. Mar.- Hosha. Punj.- Langshur, Lassar, Lewar, Nuch,

Pama, Pethra, Pethri, Pethar, Bethal, Betar, Dhup, Gugil, Chui, Chuch,

Thelu, Haulber, Giashuk, Abhul haubera, Bentha. Tel.- Hapusha. Arab.-

Abhal, Habbul-aarwar, Pethri, Samratul-arrar. Assam- Arar, Abahal,

Habbul. Kash.- Bentha, Betar, Nuch, Pama, Pethra, Pethri, Chui,

Haulber. Pers.- Hab-ul-ushara. Urdu- Abahal, Saru, Aarar (Kirtikar and

Basu, 1988; Anonymous, 2001; Nadkarni, 1976; Anonymous, 2000a;

Mukerji, 1953; Anonymous, 1959; Watt, 1972; Sharma, 1978;

Anonymous, 1987; Chopra et al., 1986; B.N., 1982).

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

An evergreen dense diffuse, dioecious, shrub or a bush, 60-150 cm high, with upright branches. Leaves in whorls of 3, persistent, sharply pointed,

scented, spreading or erect, linear, 5-13 mm long, base narrowed, upper

surface pale or bluish-white, concave; lower green, convex. Catkins axillary.

Male and female flowers are born on separate trees, flowers axillary. Fruit

globose berries, blue-black, 1.5-2cm dia., glaucous, with scarious empty scales at the base. Seeds usually 3, ovoid. Flowering : March-April; Fruiting

: Ripen in August-September of the second year (Kirtikar and Basu, 1988;

105

HAPUSHA Juniperus communis Linn.

106

Hooker, 1973; Collett, 1971; Mukerji, 1953; Husain et al., 1988; Chauhan,

1999; Cooke, 1967; Bhattacharjee, 2000).

DISTRIBUTION

Found in Himalayas from Kumaon Westwards at an altitude of 1600-4600 m (Anonymous, 1959; 1987; Chopra et al., 1986). In Himachal Pradesh, it is

found in Chhota and Bara Bhangal, Kullu, Chounti, Kalga Pattan, Chansil,

Chheradhank (Chauhan, 1999). Distributed in temperate and subarctic

Europe, Asia, North Africa, North America (Hooker, 1973; Kirtikar and

Basu, 1988; Watt, 1972). Commercially cultivated in Hungary,

Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and America (Bhattacharjee, 2000).

PART(S) USED

Fruit, bark, wood oil (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

ACTIONS AND USES

Fruit is carminative, stimulant, styptic, stimulant, emmenagogue, digestive, diuretic, disinfectant, antiseptic and are useful in chronic bright's

disease, dropsy, asthma, cough, respiratory affections, migraine,

rheumatic and painful swellings, nephrotic dropsy of children, cattarah,

gonorrhoea, pulmonary blennorhoea, arthritis, amenorrhoea, diabetes,

infantile tuberculosis, bladder affections, chronic pyelonephritis,

dysmenorrhoea, piles and abdominal disorders. The bark is applied in skin

affections. The wood is resinous, sudorific, depurative. It is employed in

gout, rheumatism and cutaneous diseases (Chopra et al., 1958; Anonymous,

1987). Fruits are beneficial in scanty urine, chronic Brignt‟s disease, hepatic

dropsy, pectoral affections, chronic gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, locally

rheumatic swellings and certain skin affections (Nadkarni, 1976). The plant

is used as appetizer, carminative, anthelmintic, alexipharmic, laxative,

useful in diarrhoea, abdominal pains, strangury diseases of the spleen and

abdomen, ascites, tumours, piles, bronchitis, indigestion, constipation and

vaginal discharges (Kirtikar and Basu, 1988).

AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES Rasa - Katu, Tikta.

Guna - Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna.

Vipaka - Katu.

Veerya - Ushna.

Doshaghnata - Kaphavatashamaka (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

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Karma - Sangrahi (C.S.Ci.19.26), Vrishya (C.S.Si.8.7), Virechaka

(C.S.Ka.7.59), Ashmaribhedan (C.S.Ci.26.60), Santarpana (C.S.Su.23.20),

Vasti (C.S.Si.3.39), Lekhana, Shothahara, Vranaropana, Admanahara,

Uttejaka, Deepana, Anulomana, Krimighna, Upasarganashaka,

Rasayana, Kaphanissaraka, Artavajanana, Garbhashaya shothahara,

Mootrajanana, Swedajanana (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Rogaghnata - Shotha (A.H.Ci.15.22), Vedana, Vrana, Dhwajabhagna

(C.S.Si.8.7), Karnabadhirya, Pakshaghata, Vatavyadhi (A.H.Ci.14.13),

Agnimandya (A.H.Ci.15.22), Udarashoola (A.H.Ci.14.31), Gulma

(A.H.Ci.14.11; C.S.Ci.5.70; S.S.Ci.5.28), Arsha (C.S.Ci.14.70;

A.H.Ci.8.36), Grahani (A.H.Ka.4.8), Krimi, Udararoga (C.S.Ci.13.104),

Amavata, Hriddaurbalya, Kasa, Shwasa, Jeerna shwasanikashotha,

Jeerna pooyameha, (S.S.U.52.39; A.H.Ci.15.22), Kastartava, Rajorodha,

Anartava, Pradara, Shwetapradara (A.H.Ci.14.11), Madhumeha

(A.H.Ka.4.30), Charmaroga (A.H.Ci.15.22), Pittodara, Mukhapaka,

Yakritvikara (A.H.Ci.15.22), Pleeharoga (A.H.Ci.8.62), Ardhvabhedaka

(S.S.U.59.17), Ashmari, Mootrakrichchhra (C.S.Ci.26.60), Adhmana,

Vivandha (A.H.Ka.4.10), Atisara (A.H.Ci.9.12; C.S.Ci.19.30), Madataya

(C.S.Ci.24.121; A.H.Ci.7.13), Medoroga (A.H.Su.5.26) (Sharma, 1978;

B.N., 1982).

Dose : Powder- 3-5 gm (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982)

PHARMACOGNOSY

Macroscopic: Fruit sub-spherical, berry like, purplish black, covered by a

glaucous bloom; about 0.5-1.0 cm in diameter, apex shows triradiate mark

and depression indicating the suture of three fleshy bracts. At the base six,

small, pointed bracts arranged in two whorls, but occasionally three or four

whorls present. Three hard, triangular seeds embedded in the fleshy

mesocarp, each with a woody testa bearing large partly sunk oily glands;

odour aromatic, terebinthine and taste warm bitter (Anonymous, 2001;

Mukerji, 1953; Watt, 1972).

Microscopic: In transverse section outer layer of fruit shows 3-4 large, cubic

or tabular cells having thick, brown porous walls externally covered by

single layered, colourless cuticle. Sarcocarp consists of large, elliptical, thin

walled, loosely coherent cells, containing drops of essential oil and

prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate; oval to elongated, elliptical, triangular

or irregular shaped cells abundant in this region. Seed coat shows two or

three layers of tabular, thin-walled cells covered externally by a thin cuticle

and followed internally by a wide zone of thick walled polygonal

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sclerenchymatous cells. Endosperm and embryo not distinct (Anonymous,

2001; Henry and Collin, 1904).

Powder microscopy

Fruit powder brown in colour; shows oval to elongated, elliptical and irregular shaped, thick walled stone cells; walls pitted showing striations

rectangular to hexagonal straight, thick walled epidermal cells in surface

view; fragmented tracheids, fibres; prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate,

aleurone grains and oil globules, groups of collenchymatous cells and

endosperm cells (Anonymous, 2001; Henry and Collin, 1904).

Physical constants

Foreign organic matter- Not more than 3%; immature and discoloured fruits -

Not more than 10%; (Mukerji, 1953), Total ash- Not more than 5%; Acid

insoluble ash- Not more than 0.5%; Alcohol soluble extractive- Not less than

12%; Water soluble extractive- Not less than 9% (Anonymous, 2001);

Volatile oil content - 0.8 -1.6%; Resin content: 8%; Fermentable sugar:

33% (Pruthi, 1976).

Volatile oil colourless or pale greenish-yellow having: Specific gravity at

20: 0.862-0.892; Optical Rotation: +1 to -15; Refractive index at 20:

1.476-1.484 (Mukerji, 1953).

Thin Layer Chromatography

TLC of the alcoholic extract on silica gel „G‟ plate using Toluene:

Ethylacetate (9:1) shows under UV (366 nm) three fluorescent zone at Rf.

0.11 (light blue), 0.20 (light blue), and 0.58 (blue). On exposure to Iodine

vapour ten spots appear at Rf. 0.17, 0.25, 0.30, 0.36, 0.46, 0.58, 0.64,

0.67, 0.90 and 0.96 (all yellow). On spraying with Vanillin Sulphuric acid

and heating the plate for ten minutes at 110C twelve spots appear at Rf.

0.11, 0.17, 0.25, 0.30 (all brown), 0.36 (light brown), 0.46, 0.52 (both brown), 0.58 (dirty yellow), 0.64 (brown), 0.73 (light brown), 0.90 (light

brown) and 0.96 (brown) (Anonymous, 2001).

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Bark: Communic acid (Arya, 1962), juniperol (longiborneol),-sitosterol,

stigmasterol, diterpine phenol-totarol (Arya, 1962), oxalic acid (Hanson

and Babcock, 1906), resin, juniperin (Casparis and Freund, 1938, 1939),

d--pinene, terpinen-4-ol, juniperene,-pinene, juniperol, silvestrene

(Anonymous, 1959), macroperol (Erdmann and Thomas, 1955), ferruginol, D⁶-ferruginol (Bredenberg, 1957), 6, 7, -diketoferruginol (Bredenberg,

1960).

109

Seeds and fruits: Formic acid, acetic acid, malic acid (Hanson and

Babcock, 1906), cyclohexitol, terpene, fermentable sugars, proteins, wax,

gum, pectins (Maymone et al., 1935), glycolic, ascorbic, d--pinene,

camphene, D³-carene,-pinene, D⁴-carene, cadinene (Maizite, 1935),

juniper, camphor, hydrocarbon-junene, dihydrojunene (Casparis and

Freund, 1939).

Leaf: Biflavones- cupressuflavone, amentoflavone, hinokiflavone,

isocryptomerin, sciadopitysin (Kishore et al., 1989; Prakash et al., 1993),

monoterpene glucoside and three megastigmane glycosides (Nakanishi et al.,

2005).

Plant: Labdane diterpenoids and diterpenes as 3-hydroxymanool, 3-

hydroxy-12, 13E-biformene and 3, 15-dihydroxy labda-8(17), 13E-diene

(Kagawa et al., 1993; Medina et al., 1994; Chatzopoulau and Katsiotis, 1993), labdane diterpene 15, 16-epoxy-12-hydroxy-8(17), 13(16), 14-

labdatriene-19-oic acid (Martin et al., 2006), sugiol (Bredenberg and

Gripenberg, 1954), xanthoperol (Bredenberg and Gripenberg, 1956).

Wood: Umbelliferone, ascorbic acid, resin esters, sesquiterpene,

polysaccharides-galactan, glucosan, mannan, araban, xylan, p-

hydroxybenzaldehyde, sugiol (9-ketoferruginol) (Leopald and Matmstrom,

1952), junenol (Ajoy et al., 1980), thujopsene, cuparene, humulene,

cedrol, widdrol (Arya, 1962), longifolene (Akiyoshi et al., 1960),

monoterpenes (Erdtman and Kubota, 1961).

Essential oil: Neolignan glycosides: junipercomnoside A, junipercomnoside

B, icariside E4, (2S, 3R)-2, 3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-2-5-

benzofuran propanal 3p-O--rhamnopyranoside, isoscutellarein 7-O--

xylopyranoside, hypolaetin 7-O--xylopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O--

rhamnopyranoside, quercitrin, nicotiflorin, naringenin 7-O--

glucopyranoside, narigenin 4-O--glucopyranoside, (Nakanishi et al.,

2004), atropisomeric cupressuflavone glucoside (M)-and (P)-

cupressufflavone 4-O--d-glucoside tannins, monoterpenic hydrocarbons,

monoterpene, sesquiterpene, oxygenated monoterpane and oxygenated

sesquiterpene (Barjaktavoric et al., 2005),-pinene, sabinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol, myrcene,-pinene (Kagawa et al., 1993; Medina et al.,

1994; Chatzopoulau and Katsiotis, 1993), geigerone (trans-3-isopropenyl-4-

methyl-4-vinglcyclohexanone) (Thomas, 1972; Sharma et al., 1977).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Plant was reported to have antifungal (Cavaleiro et al., 2006; Rao and Gupta, 1977; Aswal et al., 1984), hypoglycaemic (Kagawa et al., 1993; Medina et

110

al., 1994; Chatzopoulau and Katsiotis, 1993), antiscabies, antitumor,

antidiarrhoeal, antirheumatic, antimalarial (Milhau et al., 1997),

anthelmintic, antiviral, antifertility, abortifacient (Aswal et al., 1984),

estrognic/antiestrogenic, antiprogestational, antiimplantation, abortifacient

(Pathak et al., 1990; Kishore et al., 1989; Prakash et al., 1993),

antimicrobial (Pepeljnajak et al., 2005) and platelet inhibitory (Schneider

et al., 2004) activities. Berries were found to be active against parasitic

sarcoptic and psoroptic mange in sheep and fungal infections in cattle. The

ether extract of berries in linseed oil was reported to be effective against

sarcoptes scabies infection in sheep (Gayatri Devi and Sisodia, 1969).

TOXICOLOGY

The LD₅₀ of the plant extract was 100 mg/Kg bw. i.p. in mice (Aswal et al.,

1984). The essential oil of juniper increases glomerules strain on kidneys.

High doses of this plant when continuously taken induce the straining

capabilities of kidneys, even produce nephritis (George, 2000).

THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION

For the study in-vivo, 45 volunteers were selected on the basis of having moderate gingival inflammation. As efficacy parameters the plaque index,

modified gingival index and angulated bleeding index were assessed. The

subjects were randomly divided among 3 experimental groups (2x test and 1

'minus active' control). The participants were requested to rinse with 10 ml of

mouthwash twice a day for a period of three months. After 6 weeks and 3

months, the same clinical indices as at baseline were recorded. The results

show no difference between the two test groups. The results of the have

shown that the mixture of the 3 herbal extracts, Juniperus communis, Urtica

dioca and Achillaea millefolium when used in a mouthrinse has no effect on

plaque growth and gingival health (Van der Weijden et al., 1998).

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS Asava And Arista - Kumaryasava, Takrarishta.

Avaleha And Paka - Eranda paka, Kalyanaka guda.

Guggulu - Trayodashanga guggulu, Saptavimshatika guggulu.

Ghrita - Dadhika ghrita, Hapushadyaghrita.

Churna - Hingvadi churna, Hingurachadi churna, Hapushadya churna,

Narayan churna.

Vati and Gutika - Hingvadi gutika.

Rasayoga - Nityananda rasa.

Lauha - Pradarantaka lauha (Anonymous, 1978, 2000).

111

Other classical formulation: Hapushadya ghrita (C.S.Ci.5.72).

TRADE AND COMMERCE

Dried fruits are sold in market of North India and are reported to be imported

from Nepal. (Anonymous, 1959; Pruthi, 1976). Italy is the largest producer

of berries (Bhattacharjee, 2000).

Retail market price- Juniper berry oil- Rs.2500 - 3000/- per Kg (Anonymous,

2005). Fruit - Rs. 22 per kg. (Prajapati, 2006).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS

Some other botanical entities viz. Tamarix gallica Linn., Flueggea leucopyrus Willd., Juniperus macropoda Boiss. J. oxyeedrus Linn. are used

under the name of Hapusha. (B.N., 1982; Sharma, 1978; Pruthi, 1976;

Watt, 1972).

Juniperus macropoda Boiss - essential oil from fruits used as a substitute of

Juniper oil (Mukerji, 1953).

PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION

It thrives best in sandy and loamy, moderately moist soil, but grow well even in rather dry, rocky and gravelly ground. It prefer sunny situations and

can be propagated by seeds, cuttings, layers or by grafting. Seeds retain their

viability, when stored in a cool dry place for several years. When sown it

often takes a year to germinate, though sometimes it may vegetate in a few

weeks. Germination may be hastened by soaking the seeds in hot water for a

few minutes before sowing (Anonymous, 1959; Husain et al., 1988).

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