Vernacular names

Eng.- Poison-berry, Indian Night Shade. Hindi- Badi kateri, Barhanta,

Birhatta, Badikateree, Banabhanta, Anjada, Badikataee, Barhata, Bhat

kataiya, Bhutkataiya, Kattarha, Vadikadheri. Beng.- Byakura, Gurkamai,

Vyakuda, Bagaun, Titveguna, Titbaigum. Guj.- Ubhi ringani, Mhoti ringni,

Mota ringni, Vada ringni. Mal.- Cheru-chunda, Cheruvazhudhena,

Nilavalutina, Cheruchunta, Cheruvalutina, Chunta. Mar.- Ringani, Dorli,

Dolimoola, Moti ringani, Ran ringni, Thorli dorli. Punj.- Katang-kari,

Kandyari. Tam.- Mulli, Pappara-malli, Karlmulli, Kandal, Uruvi, Vattu,

Kuttuchadikkandangattarai, Naymulli, Mundagam, Siruvalvdaloyi, Siruval

Udunai, Valudalai, Varttagi. Tel.- Tella-mulaka, Kakamunchi, Chittimulaga,

Adaviyuchinta, Challamulaga, Kakimachi, Nallamulaka, Tellamulaka.

Assam- Tidbhagnri, Tidbhaghuri. Oriya- Bryhoti, Bonobryhoti,

Nunnuniyakoli. Pers.- Badengawejangali, Ustargar, Kataikala. Santhal-

Tibbatu. Urdu- Janglibringan. Kumaon- Banbhatta. Canarese-

Kiriguligida, Badane, Gulla, Habbagulla, Kachi, Vayase Kadusonde, Kamanja, Kempugulla, Kirigulla, Sonde. Kon.- Kallanta. Central

Provinces- Ringli. N.U.P.- Katangkari (Sharma, 1978; Kirtikar and Basu,

1988; Nadkarni, 1976; Chopra et al., 1958, 1986; Anonymous, 1972;

59

BRIHATI Solanum anguivi Lam.

60

Anonymous, 2000a; Anonymous, 1996; Watt, 1972; Chatterjee and Pakrashi,

2003; Anonymous, 1999).

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

A much branched stout, prickly undershrub, 30-150 cm high, prickles large with a long compressed base, slightly recurved, branches covered with

minute stellate hairs. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-10 X 1.5 - 6 cm, ovate,

oblong, shallowly lobed, spiny on nerves beneath, densely tomentose, base

cordate, petiole upto 3cm long, prickly. Flowers bisexual, regular, blue in

extra axillary recemose cymes. Berry globose, dark yellowish-red or orange

colour, when ripe, glabrous. Seeds many, orange, spherical, flat and minutely

pitted. Flowering and Fruiting: July-February (Cooke, 1967; Anonymous,

2001; Anonymous, 1972; Bole and Pathak, 1988; Hooker, 1973; Kirtikar and

Basu, 1988; Ayer and Kolammal, 1992).

DISTRIBUTION

Throughout Tropical India from sea level to about 667m elevation growing in waste land, along roadsides (Anonymous, 1972). Also occurs in Sri Lanka,

Malaya, China, Phillippines (Cooke, 1967; Kirtikar and Basu, 1988) and

Indomalaysia and Tropical Africa (Yoganarsimhan, 1996, 2000).

PART(S) USED

Whole plant, root, fruit, seed, leaf (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

ACTIONS AND USES

The whole plant and roots are used as carminative and expectorant. These are

beneficial in asthma, dry cough, colic, chronic fever and flatulence (Chopra

et al., 1958). It relieves pain arising from difficult parturition and also used as

aphrodisiac and astringent. Root is diaphoretic and stimulant, useful in

catarrhal affections, dropsy, toothache, dyspepsia, colic, verminosis,

diarrhoea, pruritus, leprosy, skin diseases, bronchitis, cardiac disorders and

vomiting. Fruits are bitter, pungent, digestive and laxative. It‟s juice is

beneficial in alopecia. Decoction of the seeds is useful in dysuria and vapour

from seeds in odotalgia (Chatterjee and Pakrashi, 2003; Kirtikar and Basu,

1988). The juice of the leaves mixed with fresh ginger is given as antiemetic.

The leaves are digestive, laxative, antibacterial and useful in ringworm

(Anonymous, 1996).

61

AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES

Rasa - Katu, Tikta.

Guna - Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna.

Vipaka - Katu.

Veerya - Ushna.

Doshaghnata - Kapha vata shamaka, Pittavardhak (A.H.Su.6.79),

Vatapittashamaka (S.S.Su.38.66) (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Karma - External - Vedanastapana, Kandughna, Keshya, Uttejaka.

External - Deepana (A.H.Su.6.79), Pachana, Grahi, Krimighna,

Hridayuttejaka, Raktashodhaka, Shothahara, Kaphaghna, Kasahara,

Shwashahara, Mootrala, Kushthaghna, Jwaraghna, Asthapana

(C.S.Su.2.11), Bhedana (A.H.Su.6.79).

Seed: Garbhashaya sankochaka, Vajeekarana (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Rogaghanta -

External - Paste of seed applied on penis in Dhwajabhanga (Impotency),

juice applied on head (scalp) in Indralupta.

Internal - Agnimandya, Grahani (C.S.Ci.15.106), Udarshoola, Aruchi, Krimi

(S.S.Su.38.31), Vamana, Hriddaurbalya (C.S.Su.23.18), Shotha

(C.S.Ci.12.73), Raktavikara, Pratishaya, Kasa (C.S.Ci.18.75), Shwasha

(S.S.U.51.24), Swarbheda, Hikka (A.H.Su.14.26), Mootrakrichchra

(C.S.Ci.26.54,55), Ashmari (S.S.Ci.7.5), Rajorodha, Kashtaprasava

(C.S.Ci.29.55), Sutika roga, Kushtha, Charmaroga (C.S.Ci. 7.46,

S.S.Ci.9.28), Jwara (C.S.Ci.3.213,267; S.S.U.39.219), Netraroga

(S.S.U.12.10; 18.95), Pratishaya (S.S.U.24.31), Yoniroga (S.S.U.38.27),

Rajyakshama (C.S.Ci.8.91), Arsha (C.S.Ci.14.50; S.S.Ci.6.30), Urasthambha

(C.S.Ci.26.55), Vatashonita (C.S.Ci.29.55; S.S.Ci.5.10), Slipada

(S.S.Ci.19.63), Garbhasthapana (A.H.Sa.2.56), Panduroga (S.S.U.44.22),

Atisara (S.S.U.40.58,77), Udavarta (S.S.U.55.50), Balaroga (A.H.U.2.38),

Netraroga (Abhishardya) (A.H.U.16.11), Khalitya (A.H.U.24.34), Granthi

roga (A.H.U.30.12) (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

Doses - Decoction 40-80 ml; Powder 3-6 gm (Sharma, 1978; B.N., 1982).

SIDDHA PROPERTIES

Siddha Name - KARI MULLI

Suvai (Taste) - Kaarppu (Pungent).

Veeriyam (Potency) - Veppam (Hot).

Vibakam (Transformation)- Kaarppu (Pungent).

Gunam (Pharmacological action) - Kozhaiyagattri (Expectorant), Aanmaip

perukki (Aphrodisiac).

Siddha pharmaceutical preparations- Kari mulli kudineer.

62

Uses - Used in Fever & General weakness.

PHARMACOGNOSY

Macroscopic

Root - Well developed, long, ribbed, woody, cylindrical, pale yellowish- brown, 1-2.5 cm in diameter, number of secondary roots and their branches

present, surface rough due to presence of longitudinal striations and root

scars; fracture short and splintery; no distinct odour and taste.

Microscopic

Transverse section shows thin cork composed of 5-15 layers of thin-walled, tangentially elongated, rectangular cells filled with yellowish-brown content,

cork-cambium single layered; secondary cortex composed of 5-9 layers of

thin-walled, oval and tangentially elongated cells; stone cells present in

singles or in groups of 2-5 or more in this region; secondary phloem

composed of sieve elements, parenchyma and stone cells, traversed by

phloem rays; phloem parenchyma much abundant, thin walled; stone cells

present in outer phloem region in singles or in groups of 2-5, varying greatly

in shape and size; phloem rays 1-3 cells wide, isodiametric to slightly radially

elongated in inner phloem region and radially elongated in outer phloem

region, occasionally stone cells also found in medallary rays; wood occupies

bulk of root and composed of vessels, tracheids, fibres and xylem

parenchyma traversed by xylem rays, all elements being lignified, vessels

occur singly or in groups of 2-5 with simple pits, xylem fibres moderately

thick-walled with simple pits and pointed ends found in abundance; xylem

parenchyma have simple pits or reticulate thickening; xylem rays uni to

biseriate, thick-walled, cells redially elongated and pitted, microsphenoidal

crystals of calcium oxalate as sandy masses and simple starch grains present

in some cells of secondary cortex, phloem and medullary rays; simple and

rounded to oval starch grains measuring 5.5 - 11.6 in diameter

(Anonymous, 1999; Ayer and Kolammal, 1992).

Powder microscopy

Root powder cream in colour; shows groups of thin-walled parenchymatous

cells, aseptate fibres, vessels fragments with simple pits, oval to elongated

stone cells and simple, rounded to oval starch grains measuring 5.5-11.6 in

diameter (Anonymous, 1999).

Physical constants

63

Total ash - Not more than 6.5%; Acid insoluble ash- Not more than 1%;

Alcohol soluble extractive- Not less than 3%; Water soluble extractive - Not

less than 4% (Anonymous, 1999).

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Plant: Gitogenin, tigogenin, dioscin, methyl protodioscin, methylyl

protoprosapogenin A7 dioscin; demissidine, jorjubidine, leptinidine,

neotigogenin, paniculidine, solanidine, solacongestine, soladulcidine,

solafloridine, solaquitidine, tomatidine, jurjubidine, tomadidonal, yamogenin

steroidal alkaloid-diosgenin,-sitosterol, lanosterol, solanosine, solamargine,

solasodine (Rathore et al., 1978),-sitosetrol, sapogenins, solasodene

(Varshney and Aftab, 1971), tomatidenol (Verbist et al., 1977), solavetivone,

solafuranone, scopoletin, N-(p-trans-coumaroyl)tyramine, and N-trans-

feruloyltyramine. (Syu et al., 2001), b-sitosterol, b-sitosterol glucoside,

dioscin, methyl protoprosapogenin A, methyl protodioscin, protodioscin

(Chiang et al., 1991).

Fruits: Enzyme, maltase, melibiose, saccharase, solanoside, solanine,

diosgenin, proteolytic enzyme,trypsin (Chaudhary et al.,1958), indioside - A

as (23S, 25R, 26R)-spirost-5-en-3, 23, 26-triol 3-O-{-L-rhamnopyranosyl-

(12) - [-xylopyranosyl-(13)--D-glucopyranoside, indioside B as (25

R)-26-O-B-D-glucopyranosyl-22-methosy-furost-5-en-3, 26-diol 3-O-{-

l-rhamnopyranosyl-(12)-(-d-xylopyranosyl-(13)--D-gluopyranoside

(Yahara et al 1996), anguiviosides A, B, C, characterized as 3-O--

chacotrioside, 3-O-[4-O-maloyl--L-rhamopyranosyl (12)]--L-

rhamnopyranosyl (14)--D-glucopyranoside, 3-O--L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 2)--D-xylopyranosyl (1 3)]--++glucopyranoide (Zhu et al., 2000),

steroidal saponins, anguiviosides (Honbu et al., 2002), carpesterol, 3 beta-(p-

hydroxy)-benzoyloxy-22 alpha-hydroxy-4 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-stigmast-7-

en-6-one, indioside A [3 beta-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2), beta-D-

glucopyranosyl-(1-->4), beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-]alpha-L-

rhamnopyranosyl-(-->2)]-beta-D- glucopyranosyl]-diosgenin], khasianine,

dihydrosolasodine, capsimine, and capsimine-3-O-beta-D-glucoside (Gan et

al., 1993).

Seed oil: Solanocarpone, carpesterol (Gupta and Dutta, 1938), sitosterol,

arachidiolein, arachidodilinolin, arachidooleolinolin, dioleolinolin,

oleodilinolin, palmitodilinolin, palmitodiolein, palmitooleolinolin,

stearodilinolin, stearodiolein, stearooleolinolin, trilinolin, lauric acid (Saran

and Singh, 1942).

64

Leaf oil: Arachidic, lauric, linoleic, oleic, palmitic, stearic acid

(Puntambekar and Kirshna, 1941), protodioscin, solanonine, solamargine

(Rathore et al., 1978).

Roots: Solamargine, anguivine, isoanguivine (Ripperger and Hummelreich,

1994), indioside-C-(25R)-26-o--D-glucopyranosyl-furost-en-3-

22triolLrhamnopyranosyl2)-{-D-xylopyranosyl-

(1  3)--D-galaetopyranoside, indioside D - (25R)-26-O-(-D-

glucopyranosyl)-furost-5-en-3-22, 26-triol 3-O-{-L-rhamnopyranosyl-

(12)-[B-D-gluopyranosyl-(13)]--D-galactopyranoside, indioside E - diosgenin 3-O-{-L-rhamopyranosyl-(1-2)-[-D-xylopyranosyl-(13)]--D-

galactopyranoside (Yahara et al., 1996).

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Plant was reported to have hypocholesterotaemic (Kalhoro et al., 1997),

anthelminitic, nematocidal (Qamar et al., 1998), marginal choleristic,

antihepatotoxic (Asha and Pushpangadan, 1998), anti-inflammatory wound-

healing (Ma et al., 2006) and cytotoxic (Gu et al., 2004) activities.

TOXICOLOGY

The plant showed no toxicity to various cell lines although it exhibited 75% inhibition to the growth of PPR virus (Jabbar et al., 2004).

THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION

Various preparations of whole plant of Brihati and Kantakari have been used in Shwasa and Kasa in ancient Ayurvedic literature. In a study, water

decotion of Brihati and Kantakari were prepared to evaluate their efficacy in

the patients of shwasa (Bronchial asthma) and Kasa (cough). Results of

study suggest that the effect of Kantakari decotion was better than Brihati

decoction to reduce different clinical symptoms of asthmatic attacks like

dyspnoea and cough (Gupta et al., 1999).

Herbal cough syrup containing eleven herbal ingredients including Solanum

indicum, Ocimum sanctun, Curcuma longa, Adhatoda vasica, Piper cubeba,

Aloe barbadensis, etc., showed efficacy in thining of bronchial secretion in

cases of acute bacterial trachiobronchitis (Jayaram et al., 1994).

FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS

Asava and Arista - Amritarista, Punarnavasava, Mritasanjivani sura,

Dashmoolarista, Dantyadyarista.

65

Avaleha and Paka - Agastya Haritaki rasayana, Brahma rasayana,

Bharangi guda, Chyavanprasha, Padmakadileha.

Kvatha churna - Dashamoola Kvatha churna, Nimbadi Kvatha churna,

Rasnadi Kvatha churna, Vidaryadi Kvatha churna, Angamardaprasamana

Kasaya churna, Darunagaradi kvatha churna.

Ghrita - Amritaprasa ghrita, Kalyanaka ghrita, Dashmoola ghrita,

Dashamoolasatpalaka ghrita, Dadhika ghrita, Dhanvantara ghrita, Maha

Kalyanaka ghrita, Maha Panchagavya ghrita, Sukumara ghrita, Indukanta

ghrita, Brihachhagaladya ghrita.

Churna - Rajanyadi churna, Dashmoolapancakoladi churna.

Taila - Anu taila, Dhanvantara taila, Narayana taila, Visnu taila, Musikadya

taila, Sahacaradi taila, Dashmoola taila, Madhyamanarayan taila.

Vati And Gutika - Khadiradi gutika (Kasa), Dhanvantara gutika.

Rasayoga - Shirahshooladivajra rasa.

Lavana Ksara - Abhaya Lavana (Anonymous, 1978; 2000).

Other classical formulations - Baladi ghrita, Kantakari ghrita, Mahamayur ghrita (C.S.Ci.26.162; A.H.U.24.52), Jiviniya ghrita (C.S.29.55).

Ashwagandha taila, Kanakkshiri taila, Agurvadya taila(C.S.Ci.3.267),

Kshargutika, Mahaneel gutika (A.H.U.11.39). Mritasanjivani agada,

Ksharagada (C.S.Ci.23.55).

TRADE AND COMMERCE

Retail Market Price - Rs. 25 per kg. (2006).

SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS

Solanum insanum Willd, S. torvum Swart, S. melongena Linn., S. xanthocarpuma Sc. and S. aculeattissimum Jacq. are used as a substitute in

the country as well as in Kerala (Anonymous, 2000a; Ayer and Kolammal,

1992).

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73

DRONAPUSHPI

BOTANICAL NAME: Leucas cephalotes Spreng.

FAMILY: Lamiaceae

CLASSICAL NAMES

Dronapushpi, Kurubaka, Kutumbaka, Sugandhaka (C.S.; S.S.; A.H.).

SYNONYMS

Chhatraka, Chhatrani, Chitrakshupa, Chitrapatrika, Drona, Kaundinya, Kshavapatri, Kurumba, Kumbhayoni, Kumbhayonika, Kurumbika, Palindi,

Phalepushpa, Shvasanaka, Supushpi, Vrikshasaraka (Sharma, 1978; B.N.,

1982; R.N., 1982).